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Lance Edward Armstrong
(born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American
former professional road racing cyclist who won the Tour de France a
record seven consecutive times, after having survived testicular cancer.
He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation
for cancer research and support. He last rode for (and helped found) UCI
ProTeam Team RadioShack.
In October 1996 he was
diagnosed as having testicular cancer, with a tumor that had
metastasized to his brain and lungs. His cancer treatments included
brain and testicular surgery and extensive chemotherapy, and his
prognosis was originally poor. He went on to win the Tour de France each
year from 1999 to 2005, and is the only person to win seven times,
having broken the previous record of five wins, shared by Miguel
Indurain, Bernard Hinault, Eddy Merckx, and Jacques Anquetil.
In 1999, he was named the
ABC Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. In 2000 he won the Prince
of Asturias Award in Sports.[4] In 2002, Sports Illustrated magazine
named him Sportsman of the Year. He was also named Associated Press Male
Athlete of the Year for the years 2002–2005. He received ESPN's ESPY
Award for Best Male Athlete in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, and won the
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award in 2003.
Armstrong announced his retirement from racing on July 24, 2005, at the
end of the 2005 Tour de France, but returned to competitive cycling in
January 2009, and finished third in the 2009 Tour de France. He
confirmed he had retired from competitive cycling for good on February
16, 2011.[5]
****
Personal information
Full name Lance Edward
Armstrong
Nickname The Boss, Juan
Pelota, The Texan,[1]
Mellow Johnny (from maillot
jaune,
French for yellow
jersey)[2]
Born September 18, 1971
(1971-09-18) (age 40)
Dallas, Texas, United
States
Height 1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2
in)[3]
Weight 71 kg (157 lb)[3]
Team information
Current team Livestrong
Discipline Road
Role Rider
Rider type All-Rounder
Amateur team(s)
1990–1991
1991 Subaru-Montgomery
US National Team
Professional team(s)
1992–1996
1997
1998–2005
2005-2008
2009
2010–2011
2012- Motorola
Cofidis
US Postal
Livestrong
Astana
Team RadioShack
Livestrong
Major wins
Grand Tours
Tour de France
General Classification
(1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004, 2005)
22 Individual Stages
Stage Races
Critérium du Dauphiné
Libéré
General Classification
(2002, 2003)
Points classification
(2005)
Tour de Suisse
General classification
(2001)
Tour de Luxembourg
General classification
(1998)
Single-Day Races and
Classics
World Cycling Champion
(1993)
US National Cycling
Champion (1993)
Clásica de San Sebastián
(1995)
La Flèche Wallonne (1996)
Medal record Competitor for
USA
Men's Cycling
World Championships
Gold 1993 Oslo Elite Men's
Road Race
Olympic Games
Bronze 2000 Sydney Men's
Time Trial
****
Early career
Armstrong was born on
September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in Oak Cliff, Texas in the
southern sector of Dallas.[6] At the age of 12, he began his sporting
career as a swimmer at the City of Plano Swim Club and finished fourth
in Texas state 1,500-meter freestyle. He abandoned swimming-only
competition after seeing a poster for a junior triathlon called the Iron
Kids Triathlon, which he entered and won at age 13.[7]
In the 1987–1988
Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of USA Triathlon),
Armstrong was the number one ranked triathlete in the 19-and-under
group; second place was Chann McRae, who became a US Postal Service
cycling teammate and the 2002 USPRO national champion. Armstrong's
points total for 1987 as an amateur was better than the five
professionals ranked that year. At 16, Armstrong became a professional
triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989
and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.[8]
It became clear that his
greatest talent was for bicycle racing after he won the U.S. Amateur
Championship in 1991. Representing the U.S., he finished 14th in the
1992 Summer Olympics. This performance earned him his first professional
contract with Motorola. He won his first race with Motorola, the Trophee
Laigueglia in Italy, beating the favourite Moreno Argentin.
In 1993, Armstrong won 10
one-day events and stage races. He stunned the cycling world when at age
21 he became one of the youngest riders to ever win the UCI Road World
Championship, held in pouring rain in Norway that year. Prior to his
World's win, he took his first stage win at the Tour de France, in the
stage from Châlons-sur-Marne to Verdun. He was in 97th place overall
when he abandoned the 1993 race in the Alps after the 12th stage.
He also collected the
Thrift Drug Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in
Pittsburgh, the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the CoreStates USPRO
national championship in Philadelphia. Thrift Drug said it would award
$1 million to a rider winning all three races, a feat previously
unachieved. At the USPRO championship, Armstrong sat up on his bicycle
on the final lap, took out a comb, combed his hair and smiled for the
cameras.
In 1994, he again won the
Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the Tour DuPont in the United
States. His successes in Europe were second placings in
Liège–Bastogne–Liège and the Clásica de San Sebastián, where just two
years before, he finished in last place as his first all-pro event in
Europe.
He won the Clásica de San
Sebastián in 1995, and this time won the Tour DuPont and took a handful
of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to Limoges in the Tour
De France. He dedicated the win to teammate Fabio Casartelli who died in
a crash on the descent of the Col de Portet d'Aspet on the 15th stage,
two days before.
Armstrong's successes were
much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the La Flèche
Wallonne and again won the Tour DuPont. However, his performances began
to suffer and he was only able to compete for five days in the Tour De
France. At Atlanta he was only able to finish 6th in the time trial and
12th in the road race in the 1996 Olympic Games.
Cancer
On October 2, 1996, then
aged 25, Armstrong was diagnosed as having developed stage three
testicular cancer (Embryonal carcinoma).[9] The cancer spread to his
lungs, abdomen and brain. On that first visit to a urologist in Austin,
Texas, for his cancer symptoms he was coughing up blood and had a large,
painful testicular tumor. Immediate surgery and chemotherapy were
required to save his life. Armstrong had an orchiectomy to remove his
diseased testicle. After his surgery, his doctor stated that he had less
than a 40% survival chance.[10]
The standard
chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of this type of cancer is a
cocktail of the drugs bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (or Platinol)
(BEP). Armstrong, however, chose an alternative, etoposide, ifosfamide,
and cisplatin (VIP), to avoid the lung toxicity associated with the drug
bleomycin.[10] This decision may have saved his cycling career. His
primary treatment was received at the Indiana University (IU),
Indianapolis, Medical Center, where Dr. Lawrence Einhorn had pioneered
the use of cisplatinum to treat testicular cancer. His primary
oncologist there was Dr. Craig Nichols.[10] His brain tumors were
surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro, MD, Professor of Neurosurgery at
Indiana University and Resident Director, and were found to contain
extensive necrosis.[11] According to Armstrong's first book, Dr. Shapiro
convinced him that he was the right neurosurgeon for him by saying:
"You'll have to convince me you know what you're doing," said Armstrong.
"Look, I've done a large number of these," Shapiro said, "I've never had
anyone die, and I've never made anyone worse." "Yeah, but why should you
be the person who operates on my head?" Armstrong responded. "Because as
good as you are at cycling"-he paused-"I'm a lot better at brain
surgery".[10] His last chemotherapy treatment was received on December
13, 1996.
His cancer went into
complete remission, and by January 1998 he was already engaged in
serious training for racing, moving to Europe to race for the U.S.
Postal team. A pivotal week (April 1998) in his comeback was one he
spent training in the very challenging Appalachian terrain around Boone,
North Carolina, with his racing friend Bob Roll.[10]
Tour de France success
Before his cancer
treatment, Armstrong had won two Tour de France stages. In 1993, he won
the 8th stage and in 1995 he took stage 18 in honor of teammate Fabio
Casartelli who crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of
the 1996 Tour on the 7th stage after becoming ill, a few months before
his diagnosis.
Armstrong's cycling
comeback began in 1998 when he finished fourth in the Vuelta a España.
In 1999 he won the Tour de France, including four stages. He beat the
second rider, Alex Zülle, by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence
of Jan Ullrich (injury) and Marco Pantani (drug allegations) meant
Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names. Stage
wins included the prologue, stage eight, an individual time trial in
Metz, an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time
trial on stage 19.
In 2000, Ullrich and
Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race that began a six-year
rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong ended in victory for Armstrong by
6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000
Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. In 2001, Armstrong
again took top honors, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002,
Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by
seven minutes over Joseba Beloki.
The pattern returned in
2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only 1 minute 1
second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S.
Postal won the team time trial on stage four, while Armstrong took stage
15, despite being knocked off on the ascent to Luz Ardiden, the final
climb, when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited
for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.[12]
In 2004, Armstrong finished
first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German Andreas Klöden. Ullrich was
fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal
best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the
first since Gino Bartali in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain
stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up Alpe
d'Huez was won in style by Armstrong as he passed Ivan Basso on the way
despite setting out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint
finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in
the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final
individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of
stage wins.
In 2005, Armstrong was
beaten by David Zabriskie in the Stage 1 time trial by 2 seconds,
despite passing Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the
team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In
the mountain stages, Armstrong was attacked multiple times mostly by
Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Kloden and
Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate Levi Leipheimer. But still, the
American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some
occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, Armstrong
crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his 7th
consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third.
Another record achieved that year, was that Armstrong completed the tour
at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the
whole tour being 41.7km/hr(26 mph).[13][14]
On July 24, 2005, Armstrong
officially announced his retirement from professional cycling after his
7th consecutive Tour de France win.[15]
Comeback
Astana: 2009
Armstrong announced on
September 9, 2008 that he would return to pro cycling with the express
goal of participating in the 2009 Tour de France.[16] "After talking
with my children, my family and my closest friends, I have decided to
return to professional cycling in order to raise awareness of the global
cancer burden", Armstrong said on his livestrong.org website.[17]
VeloNews reported that Armstrong would race for no salary or bonuses and
would post his internally tested blood results online.[18]
The announcement ended
speculation that he would return with Astana in the Tour of California,
Paris–Nice, the Tour de Georgia and the Dauphiné-Libéré. Astana missed
the 2008 Tour de France after Alexandre Vinokourov was ejected from the
2007 Tour for blood doping.
Australian ABC radio
reported on September 24, 2008 that Armstrong would compete in the UCI
Tour Down Under through Adelaide and surrounding areas in January 2009.
UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six
months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete.[19] The
Premier of South Australia, Mike Rann, declared that Armstrong's
participation would make the tour "the biggest sporting event in South
Australian history."[20]
In October 2008, Armstrong
confirmed he would compete in the 2009 Giro d'Italia, his first
participation.[21]
On January 17, Armstrong
said at a press conference for the Tour Down Under that his comeback was
motivated by spending most of his days spreading the Livestrong message
and raising national awareness of cancer.[22][23] Though his fitness
levels had supposedly returned to peak condition,[24] Armstrong placed
29th in the race.[25] Armstrong said he considered this a successful
result, as the thousands of fans who flocked to Adelaide to see him
compete – booking every hotel room in the city[24] – added A$17 million
to the South Australian economy, and the government rewarded his effort
by pledging A$4.1 million towards the construction of a centre for
cancer research.[26]
Armstrong's Trek bicycle
was stolen while he was in Sacramento, California, for the Amgen Tour of
California. This time-trial bike was returned to the Sacramento police
by an anonymous citizen on February 18, 2009, four days after it
disappeared from the Astana team truck. A police statement read, "The
facts surrounding how the person came into possession of the bicycle are
not being released at this time due to an ongoing investigation."[27]
In February 2009, Armstrong
was confirmed to compete in the Tour of Ireland from August 19–23, 2009,
before then participating in the Livestrong Global Cancer Summit from
August 24–26th in Dublin.[28] The Astana Cycling team confirmed in early
March that Armstrong would return to Europe to continue his comeback
season with races at Milan – San Remo and the Vuelta a Castilla y
León.[29] He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during
the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in Baltanás, Spain and
breaking his collarbone.[30]
Armstrong flew back to
Austin, Texas, for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was
back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.[31] On
April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping
agency AFLD and Armstrong and his team manager, Johan Bruyneel, stemming
from a March 17, 2009 encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who
visited Armstrong after a training ride in Beaulieu-sur-Mer. When the
official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission
to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In
late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.[32] Armstrong
returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the Tour of the Gila
in New Mexico on April 29.[33]
On July 7, in the fourth
stage of the 2009 Tour de France, Armstrong narrowly failed to win the
yellow jersey after his Astana team won the team time trial. His Astana
team won the 39 km lap of Montpellier but Armstrong ended up just over
two tenths of a second (0.22) outside of Fabian Cancellara's overall
lead.[34] Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France in third place
overall, 5:24 behind the overall winner, his Astana teammate Alberto
Contador.
Team RadioShack: 2010–11
On July 21, 2009, Armstrong
announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010.[35]
RadioShack was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team,
named Team RadioShack.[36][37] Armstrong made his 2010 season debut at
the 2010 Tour Down Under where he finished 25th out of the 127 riders
that completed the race. He made his European season debut at the 2010
Vuelta a Murcia finishing in 7th place overall. Armstrong was also set
to compete in several classics such as the Milan – San Remo, Amstel Gold
Race, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, and the Tour of Flanders, but bouts with
gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.[38]
Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the
Tour of Gila and May's Amgen Tour of California, both as preparation for
the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside Visalia early in stage 5
of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race.[39] He
showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash,
placing second in the Tour of Switzerland and third in the Tour of
Luxembourg.
On June 28, Armstrong
announced via Twitter that the 2010 edition would be his final Tour de
France.[40] Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour de
France prologue TT, finishing third, but was plagued by crashes in later
stages that put him out of GC contention, especially a serious crash in
stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyreneean stage 16, working as a key
player in a successful break that included teammate Chris Horner. He
finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind
winner Alberto Contador.[41] He was also a key rider in helping Team
RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse D’Epargne by 9
minutes, 15 seconds.
In October, he announced
the end of international career after the Tour Down Under of January
2011. He stated that after January 2011 he will only race in the U.S.
with the Radioshack domestic team.[42]
Armstrong announced his
retirement from competitive cycling 'for good' on February 16, 2011,
while still facing a US federal investigation into doping
allegations.[5][43]
Physical attributes
Armstrong has recorded an
aerobic capacity of 83.8 mL/kg/min (VO2 max),[44][45] much higher than
the average person (40–50), but lower than some other Tour De France
winners, such as Miguel Indurain (88.0, although reports exist that
Indurain tested at 92–94) and Greg LeMond (92.5).[46] At his peak, he
had a resting heart rate of 32–34 beats per minute (bpm) with a maximum
heart rate of 201 bpm.[47]
Collaboration of sponsors
Armstrong revolutionized
the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers
to contribute and act as part of the team.[48] For example, rather than
having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by
separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a Formula
One relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One",[49] taking
full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations
working in close communication. The team, Trek, Nike, AMD, Bontrager (a
Trek company), Shimano, Sram, Giro and Oakley, collaborated for an array
of products.
Family and personal life
Armstrong was born to Linda
Mooneyham, a secretary, and Eddie Charles Gunderson, a route manager for
The Dallas Morning News. His great-grandfather was the son of Norwegian
immigrants while his Armstrong family originate from Scotland.[50] He
was named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver. His
father left his mother when Lance was two and has two other children
from another relationship. His mother later married Terry Keith
Armstrong, a wholesale salesman, who adopted Lance in 1974. Armstrong
refuses to meet his birth father and has described Terry Armstrong as
deceitful.[51]
Armstrong met Kristin
Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998 and had three
children: Luke David, born October 1999, and twins Isabelle Rose and
Grace Elisabeth, born November 2001. The pregnancy was possible through
sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, prior to chemotherapy and
surgery.[52] The couple filed for divorce in September 2003. At
Armstrong's request, his children flew in for the Tour de France podium
ceremony in 2005, where Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while
his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and
bouquet of yellow flowers.
Armstrong began dating
singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow in the autumn of 2003 and revealed their
relationship in January 2004. The couple announced their engagement in
September 2005 and their split in February 2006.
In December 2008, Armstrong
announced that his girlfriend, Anna Hansen, was pregnant with his child.
The couple started dating in July 2008 after meeting through Armstrong's
charity work. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer
father children, after having undergone chemotherapy for testicular
cancer, this child was conceived naturally.[53] The baby boy, Maxwell
Edward Armstrong, was born on June 4, 2009 in Aspen, Colorado. Armstrong
announced the birth via Twitter.[54] Armstrong has become a popular
Twitter user, with precisely 3,182,339 followers on December 26, 2011.
[55]
In April 2010, Armstrong,
using Twitter, announced that Anna Hansen was having his fifth child.
Olivia Marie Armstrong was born October 18, 2010.[56]
Armstrong owns homes in
Austin, Texas, and Aspen, Colorado, as well as a ranch in the Texas Hill
Country.[57] Armstrong is a fan of the University of Texas Longhorns
college football program and is often seen on the sidelines supporting
the team.
With regard to religion, he
is agnostic, quoted as saying, "at the end of the day, if there was
indeed some body or presence standing there to judge me, I hoped I would
be judged on whether I had lived a true life, not on whether I believed
in a certain book, or whether I'd been baptized. If there was indeed a
god at the end of my days, I hoped he didn't say, 'But you were never a
Christian, so you're going the other way from heaven.' If so, I was
going to reply, 'You know what? You're right. Fine.' "[58]
Allegations of doping
For much of the second
phase of his career, Armstrong has faced persistent allegations of
doping. A number of high-profile cyclists and assorted journalists have
alleged that he cheated. However, no allegations have ever been
substantiated, and Armstrong retains respect and prestige in many
circles.[59]
In addition, Armstrong has
been criticised for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping
such as Paul Kimmage[60][61] and Christophe Bassons.[62][63] Bassons
wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour
de France which made references to doping in the peloton. Subsequently,
Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour De France
where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage
to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I [Bassons] do and he
[Armstrong] asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of
the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave,
then?'[64] Armstrong confirmed the story. On the main evening news on
TF1, a national television station, Armstrong said: "His accusations
aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks
cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going
home".[65] Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became
a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling".[63]
He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for
dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009,
provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong.[63] This spat continued
and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in The Sunday Times.[66]
Armstrong has continually
denied using illegal performance-enhancing drugs and has described
himself as the most tested athlete in the world.[67] A 1999 urine sample
showed traces of corticosteroid in an amount that was not in the
positive range. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream
for saddle sores which contained the substance.[68]
From his return to cycling
in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong submitted to 24
unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities. All of the
tests were negative for performance-enhancing drugs.[69][70]
Specific allegations
·
Armstrong has been criticized for
working with controversial trainer Michele Ferrari. Greg LeMond
described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together,
while Tour de France organizer Jean-Marie Leblanc said, "I am not happy
the two names are mixed."[71] Following Ferrari's later-overturned
conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession",
Armstrong suspended his professional relationship with him, saying that
he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the
use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever
"suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing
drugs."[72] Ferrari was later absolved of all charges by an Italian
appeals court of the sporting fraud charges as well as charges of
abusing his medical license to write prescriptions. The court stated
that it overturned his conviction "because the facts do not exist" to
support the charges.[73] Ferrari, however, is still banned from
practicing medicine with cyclists by the Italian Cycling Federation.
According to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with
Ferrari as recently as 2010 in a country outside of Italy.[74]
·
In 2004, reporters Pierre Ballester
and David Walsh published a book alleging Armstrong had used
performance-enhancing drugs (L. A. Confidentiel – Les secrets de Lance
Armstrong). It contains allegations by Armstrong's former masseuse, Emma
O'Reilly, who claimed Armstrong once asked her to dispose of used
syringes and to give him makeup to conceal needle marks on his arms.[75]
Another figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims he and other riders,
including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the
Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.[76][77] Allegations
in the book were reprinted in the UK newspaper The Sunday Times in a
story by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued
for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge
in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt
and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect."[78] The newspaper's
lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr.
Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking
any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such
impression." (See also[79] in The Guardian). The same authors (Pierre
Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published "L.A. Official" and
"Le Sale Tour" (The Dirty Trick), further cementing their claims that
Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career.
·
On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson
filed a brief[80] in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a
legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee
of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal
assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of
androstenone while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in
Girona, Spain.[81] Androstenone is not on the list of banned drugs.
Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct
knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the
claim and issued a counter-suit.[82] The two men reached an out-of-court
settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not
disclosed.[83]
·
On August 23, 2005, L'Équipe, a
major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under
the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ("The Armstrong Lie") that 6 urine
samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of
the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire
national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested
positive for erythropoietin(EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part
of a research project into EPO testing methods.[84][85] Armstrong
immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch
hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid
journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in
question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They
state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory
prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be
respected.' I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have
never taken performance enhancing drugs."[86] In October 2008, the AFLD
gave Armstrong the opportunity to have samples taken during the 1998 and
1999 Tours de France retested.[87] Armstrong immediately refused,
saying, "the samples have not been maintained properly." Head of AFLD
Pierre Bordry stated: "Scientifically there is no problem to analyze
these samples – everything is correct" and "If the analysis is clean it
would have been very good for him. But he doesn't want to do it and
that's his problem."[88] However, according to the results of an
investigative report by Emile Vrijman (a Dutch lawyer and the former
head of the Dutch anti-doping agency, which he headed for ten years),
who was appointed by the UCI to head an independent investigations into
the LNDD lab’s findings, it was determined that the analysis of the
urine samples were conducted improperly and that they “did not satisfy
any standard for doping control testing.”[89][90] Vrijman’s report went
on to state that handling and testing of the samples fell so far short
of scientific standards, and that “the process that generated those
results and the subsequent reports was so deficient” that it was
"completely irresponsible" to suggest that the results could "constitute
evidence of anything,” and cleared Armstrong of any
wrongdoing.[90][91][92][93] But WADA rejected these conclusions stating
"The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity
that it borders on farcical.".[94]
·
In June 2006, French newspaper Le
Monde reported claims by Betsy and Frankie Andreu during a deposition
that Armstrong had admitted using performance-enhancing drugs to his
physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was
related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas
company attempting to withhold a $5-million bonus; this was settled out
of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to
cover the $5-million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The
testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many,
and then one of the questions he asked was... have you ever used any
performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked,
what were they? And Lance said, growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids
and testosterone."[95] Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been
confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment which
included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and
red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy.[96] The
Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people
present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols,[97] or his medical
history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been embroiled with his own
disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation,[98]
the transcript of which was reviewed by National Public Radio, with
Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she
said of Armstrong's alleged admission 'You know, I was in that room. I
heard it.' However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond allegations on the
issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred
in her sworn testimony.[95]
·
In July 2006, the Los Angeles Times
published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.[99] The
report cited evidence at the trial including the results of the LNDD
test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.[100] From
the LA Times article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael
Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and
falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour.
Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators the
results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous
cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour."[101] Ashenden's finding were
disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy
issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The LA Times article also
provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate,
Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy and instant messaging conversation
between Andreu and Jonathan Vaughters regarding blood-doping in the
peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and
stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de
France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any
prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the
conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs
submitted to the court. The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the
LA Times reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered,
Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were
baseless." The L.A. Times' article provides a review of the disputed
positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong,
but notes that: "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and
circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but
questionable in more formal legal proceedings."[102]
·
On May 20, 2010, former U.S. Postal
teammate Floyd Landis accused Armstrong of doping in 2002 and 2003, and
claimed that U.S. Postal team director Johan Bruyneel had bribed former
UCI president Hein Verbruggen to keep quiet about a positive Armstrong
test in 2002.[103][104] Landis admitted there was no documentation that
supports these claims.[105] However, in July 2010 the president of the
UCI, Pat McQuaid, revealed that Armstrong made two donations to the UCI:
$25,000 in 2002, used by the juniors anti-doping program, and $100,000
in 2005, to buy a blood testing machine, and documentation of those
payments does exist.[106] Landis also maintains that he witnessed
Armstrong receiving multiple blood transfusions, and dispensing
testosterone patches to his teammates on the United States Postal
Service Team.[107] On May 25, 2010, The International Cycling Union
disputed comments from Floyd Landis, "Due to the controversy following
the statements made by Floyd Landis, the International Cycling Union
wishes to stress that none of the tests revealed the presence of EPO in
the samples taken from riders at the 2001 Tour of Switzerland," the UCI
said in a statement. "The UCI has all the documentation to prove this
fact." According to ESPN, "Landis claimed that Armstrong tested positive
while winning in 2002, a timeline Armstrong himself said left him
'confused,' because he did not compete in the event in 2002."[108]
·
On May 19, 2011, former Armstrong
teammate Tyler Hamilton told CBS News that he and Armstrong had together
taken EPO before and during the 1999, 2000, and 2001 Tours de France.
Armstrong's attorney, Mark Fabiani, responded that Hamilton was
lying.[109] The accompanying 60 Minutes investigation alleges that two
other former Armstrong teammates, Frankie Andreu and George Hincapie,
have told federal investigators that they witnessed Armstrong taking
banned substances, including EPO, or supplied Armstrong with such
substances.[110] Fabiani stated in response that, "We have no way of
knowing what happened in the grand jury and so can't comment on these
anonymously sourced reports."[111] Hamilton further claimed that
Armstrong tested positive for EPO during the 2001 Tour de Suisse; 60
Minutes reported that the Union Cycliste Internationale intervened to
conceal those test results, and that donations from Armstrong totaling
US$125,000 may have played into said actions.[112] Martial Saugy, chief
of the Swiss anti-doping agency, later confirmed that they found four
urine samples suspicious of EPO use at the 2001 race, but said there was
no "positive test" and claimed not to know whether the suspicious
results belonged to Armstrong. As a result, Armstrong's lawyers demanded
an apology from 60 Minutes.[113] Instead of apologizing, CBS News
chairman Jeff Fager said CBS News stands by its report as "truthful,
accurate and fair.", and added that the suspicious tests which Saugy
confirmed to exist have been linked to Armstrong "by a number of
international officials".[114]
Handling of urine tests
In October 2005, in
response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World
Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI
appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of
urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman
was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he
has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against
doping charges.[89] Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of
improper handling and testing.[91][92] The report said tests on urine
samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific
standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they
"constitute evidence of anything."[93] The recommendation of the
commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the
basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit
themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.[90]
The WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so
lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on
farcical.".[94] The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured Dick
Pound, the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements
in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong.
In April 2009, Dr. Michael
Ashenden said that "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete
identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but
that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both
the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was
the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic
EPO could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong
used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine
was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those
samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been
any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even
during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real
political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's
never been any suggestion that it happened."[115]
Dr. Michael Ashenden's
statements are at odds with the findings of the Vrijman report
"According to Mr. Ressiot, the manner in which the LNDD had structured
the results table of its report – i.e. listing the sequence of each of
the batches, as well as the exact number of urine samples per batch, in
the same (chronological) order as the stages of the 1999 Tour de France
they were collected at – was already sufficient to allow him to
determine the exact stage these urine samples referred to and
subsequently the identity of the riders who were tested at that stage."
The Vrijman report also says "Le Monde of July 21 and 23, 1999 reveal
that the press knew the contents of original doping forms of the 1999
Tour de France".[90]
Armstrong's work outside of cycling
In 1997, Armstrong founded
the Lance Armstrong Foundation, which supports people affected by
cancer. The foundation has become one of the top 10 groups funding
cancer research in the U.S., raising more than $325 million from the
sale of yellow Livestrong bracelets[116] During his original retirement
beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He
was the pace car driver of the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for the 2006
Indianapolis 500.
In 2007, Armstrong with
Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Tony
Hawk, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo
Mourning, and Cal Ripken, Jr. founded Athletes for Hope, a charity which
helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and
inspires non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.[117] In
2008 and 2009 he appeared on the PBS Kids show Arthur as himself. In
these two appearances he taught biking skills and helped spread cancer
awareness, respectively.
In August 2009, Armstrong
headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio,
riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He
personally addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day
ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research.[118]
Marathon
Armstrong ran the 2006 New
York City Marathon with friends Robert McElligott and Lewis Miles. With
Nike, he assembled a pace team of Alberto Salazar, Joan Benoit
Samuelson, and Hicham El Guerrouj to help him reach 3 hours. He
struggled with shin splints and was on pace for a little above 3 hours
but pushed through the last 5 miles (8.0 km) to 2h 59m 36s, finishing
856th. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de
France. "For the level of condition that I have now, that was without a
doubt the hardest physical thing I have ever done. I never felt a point
where I hit the wall. It was really a gradual progression of fatigue and
soreness."[119] The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong
throughout the event.[120] This camera, according to Armstrong, pushed
him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped
and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his LiveStrong
campaign during the run.
Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC
Marathon in 2h 46m 43s finishing 232nd.[121] On April 21, 2008, he ran
the Boston Marathon in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.[122]
Politics
In the New York Times,
teammate George Hincapie hinted at Armstrong's running for Governor of
Texas after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of Outside, Armstrong hinted
at running for governor, although "not in '06".[123] Armstrong and
former president George W. Bush, a Republican and fellow Texan, call
themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him
after his 2005 victory, and in August 2005, The Times reported the
President had invited Armstrong to his Prairie Chapel Ranch to go
mountain biking.[124] In a 2003 interview with The Observer, Armstrong
said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree
with our friends."[125]
In August 2005, Armstrong
hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with
Charlie Rose on PBS on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that
running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire
from cycling. Again, on August 16, 2005, Armstrong told a local Austin
CBS affiliate[126] that he was no longer considering politics:
"The biggest problem with
politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin
or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of
stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from
pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into
politics?"[citation needed]
He does intend to be
involved in politics as an activist for change in cancer policies,
however. In a May 2006 interview with Sports Illustrated, Armstrong is
quoted: "I need to run for one office, the presidency of the Cancer
Fighters' Union of the World."[citation needed] Sports Illustrated
quoted Armstrong that he fears halving his influence with legislators if
he chose one side in politics. His foundation lobbies on behalf of
cancer patients before United States Congress.
Teams and victories
Main article: List of
career achievements by Lance Armstrong
Filmography
The Road to Paris (himself,
2000 documentary)
Dodgeball: A True Underdog
Story (2004) (himself)
You, Me and Dupree (2006)
Arthur (himself – voice) 2
episodes
The Simpsons
Accolades
·
United States Olympic Committee
(USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)
·
Associated Press Male Athlete of the
Year (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)
·
World's Most Outstanding Athlete
Award, Jesse Owens International Trophy (2000)
·
Reuters Sportsman of the Year (2003)
·
Prince of Asturias Award in Sports
(2000)
·
Sports Ethics Fellows by the
Institute for International Sport (2003)
·
Laureus World Sports Award for
Sportsman of the Year (2003)
·
Laureus World Sports Award for
Comeback of the Year (2000)
·
Trophee de L'Academie des Sport
[France] (2004)
·
Vélo d'Or Award by Velo Magazine in
France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
·
Mendrisio d'Or Award in Switzerland
(1999)
·
Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro Trophy by
the Fausto Coppi foundation in conjunction with La Gazzetta dello Sport
(1999, 2000)
·
Marca Legend Award by Marca, a
Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004)
·
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Overseas Personality Award (2003)
·
ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete
(2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
·
ESPY Award for GMC Professional
Grade Play Award (2005)
·
ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete
(2000)
·
ESPN/Intersport's ARETE Award for
Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)
·
ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete
of the Year (1999)
·
Favorite Athlete award at
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (2006)
·
Presidential Delegation to the XIX
Olympic Winter Games (2002)[127]
·
Sports Illustrated magazine's
Sportsman of the Year (2002)
·
VeloNews magazine's International
Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
·
VeloNews magazine's North American
Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)
·
William Hill Sports Book of the
Year: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (2000)[128]
·
Union Cycliste Internationale: World
Number 1 Ranked Elite Men's Cyclist (1996)
·
Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the
Year (1988)
·
Pace car driver for the Indianapolis
500 (2006)
·
An asteroid, 1994 JE9 was named
12373 Lancearmstrong in honor of him.
·
Honorary Doctorate of Humane
Letters, Tufts University (2006)
·
Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
Courage Award presented by the United States Sports Academy (1999)
See also
Cycling records
List of doping cases in
cycling
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Further reading
Lance Armstrong, Sally
Jenkins: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (ISBN
0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000. Armstrong's own account of his battle with
cancer and subsequent triumphant return to bike racing.
Lance Armstrong, Sally
Jenkins: Every Second Counts (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003.
Armstrong's account of his life after his first four Tour triumphs.
Linda Armstrong Kelly, Joni
Rodgers: No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me (ISBN
0-7679-1855-X), Broadway Books 2002. Armstrong's mother's account of
raising a world class athlete and overcoming adversity.
Daniel Coyle: Lance
Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death,
Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour De France (ISBN
0-06-073497-3), Harper Collins 2005. Former writer for Outside magazine
documents Armstrong's road to the Tour in 2004, teaching us about both
Armstrong and the Tour.
Pierre Ballester, David
Walsh: L. A. Confidentiel: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong (ISBN
2-84675-130-7), La Martinière (French). Various circumstantial evidence
pointing to Armstrong doping.
Pierre Ballester, David
Walsh: L.A. Officiel (ISBN 2-84675-204-4), La Martinière (French). Why
Armstrong gave up trial against the authors after publication of L.A.
Confidentiel.
Sharon Cook, Graciela
Sholander: Dream It Do It: Inspiring Stories of Dreams Come True (ISBN
1-884587-30-5), Planning/Communications 2004. Chapter 4 details
Armstrong's efforts to return to championship form following his cancer
treatment.
John Wilcockson: 23 Days in
July (ISBN 0-7195-6717-3), John Murray 2004. An account of how Armstrong
won his 6th Tour title in 2004.
John Wilcockson: The 2005
Tour De France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era (ISBN
1-931382-68-9), Velo Press 2005. The story behind Armstrong's final Tour
de France before his first retirement and his 7th consecutive victory.
John Wilcokson: LANCE: The
Making of the World's Greatest Champion (ISBN 9780306815874), Da Capo
Press 2009. The story of what drives the 7-time Tour de France champion
through the words of Armstrong's family, friends, rivals, and Armstrong
himself. [5]
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