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The following biography
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Floyd Landis (born October 14, 1975) is an
American cyclist. A time-trial specialist as well as a strong climber,
Landis turned professional in 1999 with the Mercury Cycling Team. He
joined the US Postal Service team in 2002, and moved to the Phonak
Hearing Systems team in 2005. Landis was fired from the Phonak team on
August 5, 2006, after a positive finding of doping was confirmed.[1]
Landis is still listed as the winner of the
2006 Tour de France, the third American to do so (after Greg LeMond and
Lance Armstrong), but is not considered by Tour officials to be the
champion [2]. Because of a failed drug test which indicated a much
higher than allowed ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone and the
presence of synthetic testosterone during one stage of the race, he is
expected to have to forfeit his title.[3] Tour Director Christian
Prudhomme no longer considers Landis the winner, but ultimately the
decision of whether to strip him of his title will be made by the
International Cycling Union (UCI).[4] Under UCI rules, the determination
of whether or not a cyclist violated any rules must be made by the
cyclist's national federation, in this case USA Cycling, which has
transferred the case to the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA).[4][5][6]
****
Personal information
Date of birth October 14, 1975
Country United States
Team information
Current team None
Rider type GC'er and time trialist
Professional team(s)
1999-2001
2002-2004
2005-2006 Mercury Cycling Team
US Postal Service
Phonak Hearing Systems
Major wins
1x Tour de France (2006) (in question)
2 stages, Tour de France (2006: RR; 2004:
TTT)
1x Paris-Nice (2006)
1x Tour de Georgia (2006)
1x Tour of California (2006)
****
Biography
Floyd Landis was raised in a community
consisting of members of the socially conservative Mennonite sect. He is
the second child and oldest son of Paul and Arlene Landis. His childhood
home is located in the unincorporated village of Farmersville in West
Earl Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Unlike the more familiar
Old Order Amish, conservative Mennonites do employ electricity and some
modern technology, such as automobiles. They avoid television, movies,
and many other elements of "modern" culture. As a result, Landis grew up
somewhat isolated from modern American culture.
Landis used his first bike to ride while
out fishing with a friend, but quickly learned to enjoy riding for its
own sake. At one point, he became determined to ride in a local race.
Landis showed up wearing sweatpants because his religion forbade wearing
shorts; he won anyway. More wins followed as Landis continued to enjoy
the sport. Disturbed at his son's participation in what he considered a
"useless" endeavor, Landis' father tried to discourage him from racing
his bike by giving him extra chores. This left him no time to train
during the day, so he snuck out to train at night. Landis sometimes
snuck out at 1 or 2 a.m. and often in the freezing cold. Landis' father
got a tip off that he had been going out at night. He was unable to
appreciate his son's passion for cycling and thought that he might be
getting into drugs or alcohol. He often followed Landis at a distance to
make sure he wasn't getting into trouble. Today, Landis' father has
become a hearty supporter of his son, and regards himself as one of
Floyd's biggest fans.[7][8]
"Master of the Mountains"
Landis won the first mountain bike race he
ever entered. In 1993 he was crowned junior national champion. He told
friends he would win the Tour de France one day. At age 20 Landis moved
to Southern California to train full time as a mountain biker. He soon
established a reputation for toughness, once finishing a race riding on
only his rims.[9] However, his training regimen resembled that of a road
biker, and in 1999 he switched to road cycling.
Landis performed well enough on the road
that Lance Armstrong recruited him to U.S. Postal and chose Landis to
ride alongside him in three straight Tours de France (all of which
Armstrong won) from 2002 to 2004. Landis often pushed the pace in the
mountains to break the pack before Armstrong made his final move. In the
2004 tour, Landis led Armstrong and a few of Armstrong's main rivals
over the final climb of stage 17, putting on such an impressive display
of strength that comedian and avid bike-racing fan Robin Williams dubbed
him the "Mofo of the Mountains." Landis' performance led some observers
to peg him as a possible team leader and future winner of the maillot
jaune. Landis left US Postal later that year after receiving a better
contract offer from the Phonak squad.
In the 2005 Tour de France, Landis finished
ninth overall in the General Classification, his highest finish in the
tour at that time.
Landis started the 2006 season strong, with
overall wins in the Amgen Tour of California, and then in the
prestigious Paris-Nice, both week-long stage races. Winning Paris-Nice
gave Landis 52 points in the UCI ProTour individual competition,
starting him off in first place for 2006. Landis continued his display
of strength with another overall win in the Ford Tour de Georgia, which
took place from April 18 to 23. In addition to winning the Tour de
Georgia time trial, Landis managed to retain every second of his lead
through the mountains with a close second place finish to Tom Danielson
on Brasstown Bald, the most difficult climbing stage of the tour.
2006 Tour de France
In the lead-up to the 2006 Tour de France,
Landis was widely mentioned as a dark horse contender. The widespread
assumption was that the winner would be either Ivan Basso or Jan
Ullrich, who finished second and third respectively in the 2005 tour. In
the days immediately before the race, the Operación Puerto doping case
led to Basso and Ullrich being withdrawn, leaving Landis prominent among
a field of possible favorites.
Landis' Tour did not get off to an
encouraging start. When his turn came to leave the start house in the
Prologue time trial, he was not even there, having suffered a cut tire
on his rear disc wheel. He finished ninth in the stage, just 9 seconds
behind winner Thor Hushovd. His bad luck in the time trial continued
during Stage 7, a 52 kilometer individual time trial to Rennes, when a
handlebar malfunction forced him to switch bikes midway through the
race. Nevertheless, Landis managed to finish in second place, one minute
behind T-Mobile's Serhiy Honchar of Ukraine. Landis gained an important
time advantage over other top contenders for the overall victory and the
racers headed into its first mountain stages.
In the second mountain stage, he was among
the few that could keep up with the fierce pace set by the riders of the
Rabobank team. Landis finished the stage sharing third place with Denis
Menchov and Levi Leipheimer. He retained the overall lead until Stage
13, when he and his team let a breakaway group get a half-hour lead in
the stage. Among the group was his former teammate Óscar Pereiro, who
took the overall lead by 89 seconds. The assumption was that Pereiro,
who had lost half an hour in the three previous mountain stages, would
not be a serious contender in the Alps, and that it would be easy to win
the jersey back. Indeed, in Stage 15, on the slopes of the infamous
l'Alpe d'Huez, Landis outrode Pereiro by almost two minutes, regaining
the jersey and a 10-second overall lead in the process.
The next day was a different story. Landis
"bonked" on the final ascent up La Toussuire, losing ten minutes. He
fell from first to eleventh place in the general classification, and
Pereiro took the overall lead now eight minutes ahead of him. Landis
reportedly had a lapse in concentration and failed to eat enough during
the ride in this stage.[10] With only two more stages where the GC could
reasonably be contested remaining in the Tour, one more mountain stage
and one time trial, almost everyone paying attention assumed his
disastrous performance would mark the end of his chance to win the Tour.
Many assumed that he may not even achieve a place on the podium. Among
the exceptions to this pattern of thinking was five time tour winner
Eddy Merckx. Merckx bet 100 euros against 75 to 1 odds that Landis would
still win the Tour. It is notable that his son, Axel Merckx, was on
Landis's Phonak team for the 2006 Tour.[11]
On the following day's Stage 17, Landis
stunned the cycling world with a 120 km solo breakaway attack that has
been called "one of the most epic days of cycling ever seen".[12] The
performance earned Landis comparisons to the famed rides of Eddy Merckx.
At one point on the course, he was 9'04" clear of the maillot jaune
wearing Pereiro. Landis ultimately won the stage by nearly six minutes
over Team CSC's Carlos Sastre and took more than seven minutes out of
Pereiro's lead. At the end of the day, Landis sat in third place
overall, 18 seconds behind Sastre and just 30 seconds behind the Tour
leader. The next stage was a 57 km individual time trial, and Landis'
strength in time trialing put him well within striking distance of
regaining the tour lead. Landis finished third in the time trial of
Stage 19, 1'29" ahead of Pereiro and 3'31" ahead of Sastre, to reclaim
the yellow jersey with a lead of 59 seconds. Landis retained the lead
through Stage 20, the procession into Paris, to win the 2006 Tour de
France by 57 seconds.
Doping investigation
On July 27, 2006 the Phonak Cycling Team
announced Floyd Landis had a urine test come back positive for doping,
having an unusually high ratio of the hormone testosterone to the
hormone epitestosterone (T/E ratio) after the epic performance in Stage
17.[13] Landis denied having doped and placed faith in a test using his
backup sample.[14] Phonak stated that he would be dismissed should the
backup sample also test positive. It did, and Landis was suspended from
professional cycling and dismissed from his team.[15] Landis' personal
physician later disclosed that the test had found a T/E ratio of 11:1 in
Landis, far above the maximum allowable ratio of 4:1.[16][17]
The test on Landis' Stage 17 A sample had
been performed by the French government's anti-doping clinical
laboratory, the National Laboratory for Doping Detection (LNDD). (LNDD
is a division of the Ministry of Youth, Sport, and Social Life [1] and
is accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).[18]) Under the
rules of the International Cycling Union (UCI), Landis had five days to
request independent verification using the backup sample. However, after
just four days, on July 31, the UCI, claiming that Landis had yet to
act, preempted him by requesting that the LNDD be the one to test the
backup sample. The UCI announced, "We have done this so the whole thing
can be speeded up. We took this decision because of the importance of
the case. Also, the longer it goes on the more damage the sport risks
suffering." In response, a spokesman for Landis insisted that the
cyclist himself had asked on July 31 for testing of the backup sample.
Had the UCI had not intervened and had Landis waited the full five days
before requesting testing of his backup sample, the test result would
not have been forthcoming for several weeks since LNDD closes during
August[19] (as is a widespread custom among workplaces in France). The
samples reportedly tested positive for an unnatural source of
testosterone.[20]
Following the reported positive drug test
on his A sample, Landis suggested that the results had been improperly
released by the UCI. On August 9, 2006, Pat McQuaid, UCI's president,
rejected this claim, saying, "We acted correctly. We informed the team,
the rider, and the federation that there had been an irregularity. Then
we issued a press release saying that an unnamed rider had been found
positive in the Tour. [Landis'] team published his name, two days
later... I have full faith in that laboratory, and there are stringent
measures kept in place by the anti-doping agencies to ensure they
proceed correctly." [21]
Landis' current status in professional
cycling
Landis is awaiting adjudication of his
appeal of the positive doping finding and the sanctions imposed on him.
His hearing is expected to be conducted next spring.[22] In the event
that he is forced to forfeit his Tour title, the second place rider,
Spaniard Óscar Pereiro, will be declared the winner. Landis also
potentially faces a two-year ban from competition and the loss of his
€450,000 first prize. Already, the controversy has resulted in the
disbandment of his former team, Phonak.[23]
Among Landis' lawyers are José Maria Buxeda
of Spain and Howard L. Jacobs of the United States. Buxeda represented
Spanish cyclist Roberto Heras when he was suspended for two years after
testing positive for EPO. Jacobs has extensive experience defending
cyclists accused of doping, such as Tyler Hamilton and sprinter Tim
Montgomery.
Landis' claims of innocence and reasons
initially given for positive results
Landis has claimed that he is not guilty of
using banned performance-enhancing drugs. He has declared that "We will
explain to the world why this is not a doping case, but a natural
occurrence" and that the testosterone in his body was "natural and
produced by my own organism."[17] Doubt was cast on Landis' claims on
2006-08-01, when The New York Times reported that, according to a source
at the UCI, Landis's urine test had revealed synthetic testosterone in
his body.[20]
Landis and his spokespeople have put forth
a variety of reasons for his positive drug test. They include: naturally
high testosterone, drinking alcohol, dehydration, thyroid medication,
and a conspiracy against him. His defense now places emphasis on across
the board criticisms of LNDD's methodology and execution, as will be
elaborated on below.
Landis is quoted as saying, "There are
multiple reasons why this could have happened, other than what they're
saying ... there are possibly hundreds of reasons why this test could be
this way." [24] The variety of explanations offered up by Landis
provided fodder for many skeptical columns by sports journalists and
inspiration for satirists such as late-night national TV show host David
Letterman, who presented the "Top 10 Floyd Landis Excuses" on his
show.[25]
Several experts have refuted Landis'
assertions.[26] Prof. Christiane Ayotte, director of Montreal's
anti-doping laboratory, said that "In 25 years of experience of testing
testosterone ... such a huge increase in the level of testosterone
cannot be accepted to come from any natural factors." David Black, a
forensic toxicologist for Nashville-based Aegis Sciences, said, "There
are not hundreds of plausible explanations. If the tests were so
unreliable that there were hundreds of possible reasons, there would be
no point in performing the tests."[27]
Landis later backtracked from some of the
assertions, saying, "The whisky idea was not mine and the dehydration
was a theory from the lawyers I hired in Spain to represent me".[28]
On September 7, 2006 Landis was televised
on San Diego's NBC affiliate announcing at a La Jolla fundraiser that
information in the lab report could exonerate him. He stated that more
details would be announced, perhaps as early as the next day. On
September 8, 2006, Landis' attorney announced that he would formally
request that the case be dropped on the grounds LNDD's 370 page report
revealed inconsistencies in the way the samples were handled.[29]
Uncertainty as to the efficacy of
testosterone as a doping substance
There is debate whether the use of
testosterone leads to an increase in energy and strength. Some have
argued an athlete is highly unlikely to use testosterone for a quick
boost as its effectiveness is greatest with long-term application. It
has been suggested that Landis may have been using testosterone over the
long term but either masking it or diluting it to avoid detection. The
positive test result would therefore have been due to a mistake with the
alleged doping program on one day.[30] Other physicians have claimed
that testosterone can have a great short-term effect. [31]
Statisticians have discussed the problems
with interpreting test results from high volume and repeated testing in
the context of other high profile cases involving well known athletes.
For instance, the American middle distance runner Mary Decker Slaney had
a higher than acceptable T/E ratio in a urine test at the Olympic trials
in 1996. The Bayesian statistician Don Berry presented statistical
arguments on her behalf in September 1997 to a Doping Hearing Board of
the USA Track and Field (USATF). Slaney was exonerated at that hearing,
although the international association later overturned the ruling. An
accessible description of the statistical issues was later published in
the journal Chance.[32]
Exogenous testosterone
On 1 August 2006 media reports said that
the testosterone was synthetic as concluded from LNDD's carbon isotope
ratio test, or CIR, on the A sample. Its results were deemed to show
that some of the testosterone in Landis’s body came from an external
source, i.e. it was not naturally produced by his own system. These
reported results conflict with Landis's public speculation that it was a
natural occurrence.[33][17]
The CIR test is purported to distinguish
between testosterone produced naturally by the athlete's body and
synthetic testosterone introduced from an outside source. The test is
performed by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). According to Gary
I. Wadler, M.D., a member of the World Anti-Doping Agency, the carbon
isotope ratio test needs to be done only once, on either an A or on a B
sample, particularly if the athlete’s T/E ratio is high as in Landis'
case. [17]
Landis lodges appeal
On 11 September 2006, Landis asked a U.S.
Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) review board to dismiss the doping charges
against him. Landis's request was made on the basis that the A and B
urine samples from stage 17 of the Tour de France do not meet the
established World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criteria for a positive
doping offense. Landis' lawyer said in a statement: "The single
testosterone/epitestosterone analysis in this case is replete with
fundamental, gross errors." The lawyer also claims that the positive
finding on the B sample came from a sample number not assigned to
Landis.[34] [35] The review board notified Landis on Sept. 18 of its
recommendation that USADA proceed with the disciplinary process. Howard
Jacobs, attorney for Landis, has requested an open hearing by the
American Arbitration Association to contest potential sanctions against
the athlete.
The "Wikipedia defense"
On 12 October 2006, Landis via Box.net made
public many documents in support of his claim of innocence. In addition
to being a public relations strategy, the dissemination of these files
over the Web is an attempt "to draw on the collective resources of
cycling fans, using the Internet to allow widely distributed review of
evidence in his case and he encourages Internet users to find the
mistakes that the legal team has not noticed."[36] His strategy has been
coined as the "Wikipedia defense".[36]
The disseminated documents include the
following:[37] [38]
Attorney Howard Jacobs’ motion for
dismissal, submitted to the Anti-Doping Review Board (ADRB) on September
11, 2006
The complete World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) document package, inclusive of the testing information from
Landis’ A and B urine samples
A PowerPoint presentation created by Arnie
Baker, M.D. with specific reference to:
The details of the carbon isotope ratio
test (CIR), demonstrating that the CIR conducted on Landis’ urine sample
does not meet the WADA criteria for a positive doping test
Demonstration of unacceptable variation in
sample testing results
Errors in the testing protocol
In their submissions to the USADA, Landis'
attorneys advance four main arguments.
That WADA's CIR test actually supported a
negative finding, or at worst an inconclusive one. The CIR test covers
four parameters. The lawyers argue that a positive finding is justified
only when all four of them have high values. In the lab's results, only
one of these parameters measured high, and it was still within the range
of error at that.
That among the parameters showing a low
(negative) value in the CIR test is the one that WADA itself supposedly
considers most decisive indicator. WADA is argued to have previously
supported a determination that this parameter is the most convincing of
the four above mentioned. In LNDD's tests of Landis' urine, this
parameter was arguably normal.
That there is evidence one or both samples
had become contaminated: LNDD's results allegedly manifest an enormous
variance between the respective measurements.
That WADA's documents show mismatches
between the reference number of the sample versus the reference number
that Landis attested. In one instance a test report's reference number
allegedly was overwritten, but LNDD's protocol requires that any
corrections must be made with a single strikethrough line and then
initialed and dated.
Damage to the credibility of the testing
lab
LNDD, the laboratory that analyzed both of
Landis's tests, is a French government agency and is one of 34
anti-doping testing labs in an international WADA network. LNDD's
credibility has been attacked by Landis and his attorneys. These attacks
have been joined by several allies cycling officials, scientists, and
medical professionals.
In 2005, the president of the Association
of Summer Olympic International Federations called for investigation and
suspension of LNDD after it was involved, along with UCI and WADA, in
the leaking of the results of tests on seven year old samples from Lance
Armstrong and two other cyclists, dating back to the 1999 Tour de
France, which were alleged to be positive for doping.[39].
The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) on
20 Dec 2006 in a final decision cleared Spanish racer Iñigo Landaluze of
doping allegations dating back to a 2005 victory. LNDD had tested two
urine samples from Landaluze and made a finding of testosterone doping.
But his national cycling federation, the RFEC, acquitted Landaluze
because LNDD admitted to having violated testing protocol in that the A
and B samples had both been handled by the same technician. UCI brought
RFEC before the CAS to challenge the acquittal, but CAS rejected UCI's
appeal, upholding Landaluze's acquittal.[40][41]
Douwe de Boer, a former science director at
the Lisbon lab of the network has condemned LNDD's execution of testing
procedures.[22]
Some experts have blogged to decry LNDD's
failure to disclose sufficient information by which to validly confirm
its competence and professionalism; among these is Kevin "Duckstrap"
Dykstra, reported to be an amateur cyclist and professional chemist[22].
Testing assumptions and confounding
factors
Several other cases involving athletes in
international competition have proved that a high T/E in itself is no
proof of doping. This is the reason for the confirmatory carbon isotope
test. In 1984, when a member of the Japanese men's Olympic volleyball
team tested out at a T/E of 10:1, further study proved that this was
indeed his body's natural metabolism.[42] In 1994, British runner Diane
Modahl, a Commonwealth Games 800 meters gold medalist, was banned on
account of a T/E of 42:1, only to be cleared a year later when it was
determined that the cause could have been bacterial growth in her
unrefrigerated urine sample.[43][42]
Even in the scientific literature there is
counterevidence to the belief that a T/E ratio greater than 4:1 is proof
of doping.[44]
Hypothyroidism (an ailment which Landis
has), causes low levels of SHBG that can cause testosterone to
accumulate (since testosterone bound to SHBG reduces its biological
availability).[citation needed]
Although this can result in an unusually
high T/E ratio, no prior tests on Landis had turned out positive,
including all his earlier Tour de France tests, as well as tests
throughout the 2006 season (this bears upon the reasoning that high T/E
ratios indicate use of steroids as part of a training regimen to improve
muscle mass (discussed in Perry PJ, Andersen KH, Yates WR. Illicit
anabolic steroid use in athletes: a case series analysis. Am J Sports
Med 1990;18:422-428). Alcohol consumption was also speculated to be a
possible cause of Landis' elevated T/E ratio. Landis stated he had had
two beers and "at least" four shots of Jack Daniels following his
disastrous Stage 16 performance.[45] [44] Alcohol consumption has been
shown to increase T/E ratios by roughly 40 percent in men.[46] However,
the increase in testosterone after alcohol intake has also been
described as unlikely to have a huge effect in males. [47]
Reaction among cyclists
After the A sample, retired American
cyclist and three-time Tour de France winner Greg LeMond doubted whether
additional doping tests would reverse Landis' earlier results. He
stated, "I hope the sampling comes back negative, unfortunately, I think
the labs in Europe are very professional." [48]
On July 28, 2006 Landis appeared on Larry
King Live to explain his situation and reiterate his innocence.[49]
Seven-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong also called in to
express support for his former teammate. Armstrong remains skeptical of
the French laboratory that conducted Landis' drug test, noting it is the
same laboratory involved in some of the former doping allegations
against him. [50]
Hip ailment
The powerful performance of Landis up to
Stage 16 of the Tour de France and his comeback in Stage 17 is
particularly notable given his hip ailment, osteonecrosis, which was
revealed in an article in The New York Times during the 2006 Tour de
France.[51] This deterioration in the ball joint of his right hip
stemmed from diminished blood supply and constricted blood vessels
caused by scar tissue. The original injury that led to the formation of
the scar tissue was a femoral neck fracture sustained in a bicycle crash
during a training ride near his Southern California home in October
2002. Landis kept the ailment secret from his teammates, rivals, and the
media until an announcement made while the 2006 Tour was underway. This
same ailment also affected former multi-sport athlete Bo Jackson and
American football player Brett Favre.
Landis rode the 2006 Tour with the constant
pain from the injury, which he described thus: "It's bad, it's grinding,
it's bone rubbing on bone. Sometimes it's a sharp pain. When I pedal and
walk, it comes and goes, but mostly it's an ache, like an arthritis
pain. It aches down my leg into my knee. The morning is the best time,
it doesn't hurt too much. But when I walk it hurts, when I ride it
hurts. Most of the time it doesn't keep me awake, but there are nights
that it does."[52]
During the Tour, Landis was medically
approved to take cortisone for this injury, a medication otherwise
prohibited in professional cycling for its known potential for abuse.
Landis himself called his win "a triumph of persistence" despite the
pain.[53]
Landis underwent successful hip replacement
surgery on September 27, 2006. Although it is unclear whether he will be
able to compete at a professional level following rehabilitation, he is
optimistic, and hopes to compete in the 2007 Tour de France.
Physical statistics
Height: 5'-10" (1.78m)
Weight: 150 lb (68kg)
Major results
2006 - Phonak Hearing Systems
1st, Profronde van Stiphout
1st overall – Tour de France (contested)
Yellow jersey, General Classification
leader during Stages 12, 13, 16 and 20.
1st, Stage 17 (Combativity award)
3rd, Stage 19 (ITT)
4th, Stage 15
3rd, Stage 11
2nd, Stage 7 (ITT)
9th, Prologue (ITT)
1st overall – Tour de Georgia
1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour de Georgia
1st overall – Paris-Nice
1st overall – Tour of California
1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour of California
2005 - Phonak Hearing Systems
3rd overall and Stage 3 win – Tour de
Georgia
9th overall – Tour de France
11th overall – Dauphiné Libéré
4th, Prologue and Stage 3 – Dauphiné Libéré
5th, Stage 4 – Dauphiné Libéré
2004 - U.S. Postal Service
Overall – Volta ao Algarve
Stage 5 – Volta ao Algarve
2nd, Stage 4 – Volta ao Algarve
Team time trial – Tour de France
Team time trial – Vuelta a España
3rd, Stage 5 – Paris-Nice
3rd, Stage 4 – Ronde Van Nederland
4th, Stage 19 – Tour de France
5th, Stage 17 – Tour de France
8th, Stage 3 – Critérium International
8th, Stage 3 – Dauphiné Libéré
23rd overall – Tour de France
2003 - U.S. Postal Service
77th overall – Tour de France
2002 - U.S. Postal Service
2nd overall – Dauphiné Libéré
3rd stage, Tirreno-Adriatico
5th overall – Circuit de la Sarthe
61st overall – Tour de France
2001 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
Boulevard Road Race
13th overall – Critérium International
2nd, Stage 3 (ITT)
2000 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
Overall – Tour du Poitou-Charentes
4th overall – Tour de l'Avenir
5th overall and 1 stage win – Tour de
Langkawi
6th – Prix des Bles d'Or (Mi-Août bretonne)
8th – Prix du Lèon (Mi-Août bretonne)
9th – Redlands Classic
1999 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
2nd overall and 1 stage win – Cascade
Classic
3rd overall – Tour de l'Avenir
4th – Red Zinger Classic
5th overall – GP Cycliste de Beauce
7th – Fitchburg Longsjo Classic
Preceded by
Lance Armstrong Winner of the Tour de
France
2006 Succeeded by
incumbent
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^ "Landis gives positive
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^ "Landis sample 'well
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^ a b c d Macur, Juliet.
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^ Eustice, John. "What if
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^ a b c Hiltzik, Michael
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^ Hood, Andrew. "End of
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^ Fotheringham, Alasdair.
"Cycling: Landis the Tour king celebrates a triumph of survival",
The Independent, 2006-07-24. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. (subscription
required)
****
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