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Diana, Princess of Wales
(Diana Frances;[N 1] née Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was the
first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, whom she married on 29 July
1981, and an international charity and fundraising figure, as well as a
preeminent celebrity of the late 20th century. Her wedding to the Prince
of Wales, held at St Paul's Cathedral, was televised and watched by a
global audience of over 750 million people. After this marriage she
received the courtesy titles Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall,
Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Chester and Baroness of Renfrew. The
marriage produced two sons: Princes William and Harry,[2] currently
second and third in line to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms,
respectively.
A public figure from the
announcement of her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana was born into an
aristocratic English family with royal ancestry, and remained the focus of
worldwide media scrutiny during and after her marriage, which ended in divorce
on 28 August 1996, including following her death in a car crash in Paris on 31
August 1997 and the subsequent display of public mourning a week later. Diana
also received recognition for her charity work and for her support of the
International Campaign to Ban Landmines. From 1989, she was the president of
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, in addition to dozens of other
charities.
****
Background Information
Spouse Charles, Prince of Wales
(m. 1981, div. 1996)[1]
Issue
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
Prince Harry of Wales
Full name
Diana Frances[N 1]
House House of Windsor
Father John Spencer, 8th Earl
Spencer
Mother Frances Shand Kydd
Born 1 July 1961(1961-07-01)
Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk
Died 31 August 1997(1997-08-31)
(aged 36)
Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, in
Paris, France
Burial 6 September 1997
Althorp, Northamptonshire
Religion Anglican (Church of
England)
****
Early life
Diana Spencer was born in the late
afternoon on 1 July 1961, in Sandringham, Norfolk.[3][4] She was the fourth
child of Viscount and Viscountess Althorp (née Frances Roche, later Shand
Kydd).[3] The Spencer family was hoping for a male heir to carry on the Spencer
title (their third child, a boy, died soon after birth).[4][5] The Spencer
family is one of Great Britain's oldest and most important families, closely
allied with the royal family for several generations.[6] As the family was
expecting a boy, no name was chosen for a week, until they settled on 1990 Diana
Frances, after a Spencer ancestress and her mother.[4] Diana was the sister of
Lady Sarah McCorquodale; Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes; and Charles Spencer,
9th Earl Spencer.[3][5] Diana was baptized at Sandringham church, with commoners
as god parents; her younger brother, Charles, was baptized at Westminster Abbey
with Elizabeth II as principal godparent.[7] Another brother, John, died a year
before she was born.[5] According to Andrew Morton's biography of Diana, the
infant John Spencer was so deformed and sick he only survived 120 hours after
birth.[4] The desire for an heir added strain to the Spencers' marriage, and
Lady Althorp was reportedly sent to Harley Street clinics in London to determine
the cause of the "problem".[4] The experience was described as "humiliating" by
Charles Spencer, the current earl: "It was a dreadful time for my parents and
probably the root of their divorce because I don't think they ever got over
it."[7] Diana grew up in Park House, which was situated near to the Sandringham
estate.[5]
Diana's Father The Honourable
Frances Shand Kydd was also a member of the British aristocracy for her parents
were the Baron Fermoy and his wife Lady Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy. The
Baroness had been an Extra Woman of the Bedchamber to The Queen Mother, and they
were very close friends.
Diana's parents separated when she
was only seven years of age.[8] Her mother, Frances, had an affair with Peter
Shand Kydd.[5] In Morton's book, he describes Diana's remembrance of her father
loading suitcases in the car, her mother crunching across the gravel forecourt
and driving away through the gates of Park House.[4] Diana and her younger
brother lived with their mother in London during their parents' separation, but
during the Christmas holidays at the end of the year, Lord Althorp refused to
let his estranged wife return with the children to London. Shortly afterward
Lord Althorp won custody of Diana and her three siblings, with support from his
mother-in-law, Frances Spencer's mother.[3] She was first educated at
Riddlesworth Hall near Diss, Norfolk, and later attended boarding school at The
New School at West Heath,[3] in Sevenoaks, Kent.
In 1803, Lord Althorp began a
relationship with Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of Alexander
McCorquodale and Barbara Cartland.[9] Diana received the title of Lady after her
father inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975. Lord Spencer and Lady
Dartmouth were married at Caxton Hall, London, on 14 July 1976. As Countess
Spencer, Raine was unpopular with her stepdaughter Lady Diana.[5] Lady Diana was
often noted for her shyness while growing up, but she did take an interest in
both music and dancing. She also had a great interest in children. After
attending finishing school at the Institut Alpin Videmanette in Switzerland, she
moved to London. She began working with children, eventually becoming a nursery
teacher at the Young England School.[3] Diana had apparently played with The
Princes Andrew and Edward as a child while her family rented Park House, a
property owned by Elizabeth II and situated on the Sandringham Estate.[3][10]
Education
At the age of seven, Diana was sent
to Riddlesworth Hall, an all-girls boarding school.[11] While she was young, she
attended a local public school. She did not shine academically, and was moved to
West Heath Girls' School (later reorganised as The New School at West Heath) in
Sevenoaks, Kent, where she was regarded as a poor student, having attempted and
failed all of her O-levels twice.[11] However, she showed a particular talent
for music as an accomplished pianist.[12] Her outstanding community spirit was
recognised with an award from West Heath. In 1977, at the age of 16, she left
West Heath and briefly attended Institut Alpin Videmanette, a finishing school
in Rougemont, Switzerland. At about that time, she first met her future husband,
who was then in a relationship with her eldest sister, Lady Sarah. Lady Diana
also excelled in swimming and diving, and longed to be a professional ballerina
with the Royal Ballet. She studied ballet for a time, but then grew too tall for
the profession.
Lady Diana moved to London before
she turned 17, living in her mother's flat, as her mother then spent most of the
year in Scotland. Soon afterwards, an apartment was purchased for £50,000 as an
18th birthday present, at Coleherne Court in Earls Court. She lived there until
1981 with three flatmates.
In London, she took an advanced
cooking course at her mother's suggestion, although she never became an adroit
cook, and worked as a dance instructor for youth, until a skiing accident caused
her to miss three months of work. She then found employment as a playgroup
(pre-preschool) assistant, did some cleaning work for her sister Sarah and
several of her friends, and worked as a hostess at parties. Lady Diana also
spent time working as a nanny for an American family living in London.[13]
Relationship with the Prince of Wales
The Prince of Wales (Prince
Charles) had previously been linked to Lady Diana's elder sister Lady Sarah, and
in his early thirties he was under increasing pressure to marry.
The Prince of Wales had known Lady
Diana for several years, but he first took a serious interest in her as a
potential bride during the summer of 1980, when they were guests at a country
weekend, where she watched him play polo. The relationship developed as he
invited her for a sailing weekend to Cowes aboard the royal yacht Britannia,
followed by an invitation to Balmoral (the Royal Family's Scottish residence) to
meet his family. Lady Diana was well received by Elizabeth II, by The Duke of
Edinburgh, and by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The couple subsequently
courted in London. The prince proposed on 6 February 1981, and Lady Diana
accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for the next few weeks.[14]
Engagement and marriage
Their engagement became official on
24 February 1981, after Lady Diana selected a large £30,000 ring (£94,800 in
today's terms) consisting of 14 diamonds surrounding a sapphire, similar to her
mother's engagement ring.[15] The ring was made by the then Crown jewellers
Garrard but, unusually for a member of the Royal Family, the ring was not unique
and was, at the time, featured in Garrard's jewellery collection. The ring later
became, in 2010, the engagement ring of Catherine Middleton (now The Duchess of
Cambridge, wife of Diana's elder son Prince William).[16]
Twenty-year-old Diana became The
Princess of Wales when she married The Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981 at St
Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, generally
used for royal nuptials. It was widely billed as a "fairytale wedding", watched
by a global television audience of 750 million while 600,000 people lined the
streets to catch a glimpse of Diana en route to the ceremony.[15][17] At the
altar Diana accidentally reversed the order of Charles's first two names, saying
"Philip Charles" Arthur George instead.[18] She did not say that she would
"obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's request, which
caused some comment at the time.[19] Diana wore a dress valued at £9000 with a
25-foot (8-metre) train.[20]
Children
On 5 November 1981, the Princess'
first pregnancy was officially announced, and she frankly discussed her
pregnancy with members of the press corps.[21] After Diana fell down a staircase
at Sandringham in January 1982, 12 weeks into her first pregnancy, the royal
gynaecologist Sir George Pinker was summoned from London. He found that although
she had suffered severe bruising, the foetus was uninjured.[22] In the private
Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London on 21 June 1982, under
the care of Pinker,[22] the Princess gave natural birth to her and the Prince's
first son and heir, William Arthur Philip Louis.[23] Amidst some media
criticism, she decided to take William, still a baby, on her first major tours
of Australia and New Zealand, but the decision was popularly applauded. By her
own admission, the Princess of Wales had not initially intended to take William
until it was suggested by Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister.[24]
A second son, Henry Charles Albert
David, was born two years after William, on 15 September 1984.[25] The Princess
asserted she and the Prince were closest during her pregnancy with "Harry" (as
the younger prince has always been known). She was aware their second child was
a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including the Prince of
Wales.[26]
Even her harshest critics agree
that the Princess of Wales was a devoted, imaginative and demonstrative
mother.[27] She rarely deferred to the Prince or to the Royal Family, and was
often intransigent when it came to the children. She chose their first given
names, dismissed a royal family nanny and engaged one of her own choosing,
selected their schools and clothing, planned their outings and took them to
school herself as often as her schedule permitted. She also negotiated her
public duties around their timetables.[27]
Charity work
Although in 1983 she confided in
the then-Premier of Newfoundland, Brian Peckford, "I am finding it very
difficult to cope with the pressures of being Princess of Wales, but I am
learning to cope,"[28] from the mid-1980s, the Princess of Wales became
increasingly associated with numerous charities. As Princess of Wales she was
expected to regularly make public appearances to hospitals, schools and other
facilities, in the 20th century model of royal patronage. The Princess developed
an intense interest in serious illnesses and health-related matters outside the
purview of traditional royal involvement, including AIDS and leprosy. In
addition, she was the patroness of charities and organisations working with the
homeless, youth, drug addicts and the elderly. From 1989, she was President of
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. The day after her divorce, she
announced her resignation from over 100 charities to spend more time with the
remaining six.[29]
During her final year, Diana lent
highly visible support to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a
campaign won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997, only a few months after her
death.[30]
Problems and separation
During the early 1990s, the
marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales fell apart, an event at first
suppressed, then sensationalised, by the world media. Both the Prince and
Princess allegedly spoke to the press through friends, each blaming the other
for the marriage's demise.
The chronology of the break-up[31]
identifies reported difficulties between the Prince and Princess as early as
1985. The Princess of Wales began an affair with Major James Hewitt, and the
Prince of Wales returned to his former girlfriend, Camilla Shand (now The
Duchess of Cornwall, who had become Mrs Andrew Parker-Bowles). These affairs
were exposed in May 1992 with the publication of Diana: Her True Story, by
Andrew Morton. The book, which also laid bare the Princess' allegedly suicidal
unhappiness, caused a media storm. This publication was followed during 1992 and
1993 by leaked tapes of telephone conversations which negatively reflected on
both the royal antagonists. Transcripts of taped intimate conversations between
the Princess and James Gilbey were published by the Sun newspaper in Britain in
August 1992. The article's title, "Squidgygate", referenced Gilbey's
affectionate nickname for Diana. The next to surface, in November 1992, were the
leaked "Camillagate" tapes, intimate exchanges between the Prince of Wales and
Camilla, published in Today and the Mirror newspapers.
In the meantime, rumours had begun
to surface about the Princess of Wales' relationship with James Hewitt, her
former riding instructor. These would be brought into the open by the
publication in 1994 of Princess in Love.
In December 1992, Prime Minister
John Major announced the Wales' "amicable separation" to the House of
Commons,[32] and the full Camillagate transcript was published a month later in
the newspapers, in January 1993. On 3 December 1993, the Princess of Wales
announced her withdrawal from public life.[33] The Prince of Wales sought public
understanding via a televised interview with Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994.
In this he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla Parker-Bowles,
saying that he had only rekindled their association in 1986, after his marriage
to the Princess had "irretrievably broken down".[34][35]
While she blamed Camilla
Parker-Bowles for her marital troubles due to her previous relationship with the
Prince, the Princess at some point began to believe he had other affairs. In
October 1993, she wrote to a friend that she believed her husband was now in
love with Tiggy Legge-Bourke and wanted to marry her.[36] Legge-Bourke had been
hired by the Prince as a young companion for his sons while they were in his
care, and the Princess was extremely resentful of Legge-Bourke and her
relationship with the young princes.
Divorce
The Princess of Wales was
interviewed for the BBC current affairs show Panorama[37] by journalist Martin
Bashir; the interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995. In it, the Princess
said of her relationship with Hewitt, "Yes, I adored him." Of Camilla, she
claimed "There were three of us in this marriage." For herself, she said, "I'd
like to be a queen of people's hearts." On the Prince of Wales' suitability for
kingship, she said, "Because I know the character I would think that the top
job, as I call it, would bring enormous limitations to him, and I don't know
whether he could adapt to that."[38]
In December 1995, the Queen asked
the Prince and Princess of Wales for "an early divorce", as a direct result of
the Princess' Panorama interview.[39] This followed shortly after the Princess'
accusation that Tiggy Legge-Bourke had aborted the Prince's child, after which
Legge-Bourke instructed Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an apology.[39] Two days
before this story broke, Diana's secretary Patrick Jephson resigned, later
writing that the Princess had "exulted in accusing Legge-Bourke of having had an
abortion".[40]
On 20 December 1995, Buckingham
Palace publicly announced the Queen had sent letters to the Prince and Princess
of Wales advising them to divorce. The Queen's move was backed by the Prime
Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and, according to the BBC, was decided
after two weeks of talks.[41] The Prince immediately agreed with the suggestion.
In February, the Princess announced her agreement after negotiations with the
Prince and representatives of the Queen, irritating Buckingham Palace by issuing
her own announcement of a divorce agreement and its terms.
The divorce was finalized on 28
August 1996.[33]
Diana received a lump sum
settlement of around £17 million along with a clause standard in royal divorces
preventing her from discussing the details.[42]
Days before the decree absolute of
divorce, Letters Patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal titles
after divorce. In accordance, as she was no longer married to the Prince of
Wales, Diana lost the style Her Royal Highness and instead was styled Diana,
Princess of Wales.[N 2] Buckingham Palace issued a press release on the day of
the decree absolute of divorce was issued, announcing Diana's change of title,
but made it clear Diana continued to be a British princess.
Almost a year before, according to
Tina Brown, The Duke of Edinburgh had warned the Princess of Wales, "If you
don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away." The Princess is said to have
replied: "My title is a lot older than yours, Philip".[43]
Buckingham Palace stated Diana was
still a member of the Royal Family, as she was the mother of the second- and
third-in-line to the throne. This was confirmed by the Deputy Coroner of the
Queen's Household, Baroness Butler-Sloss, after a pre-hearing on 8 January 2007:
"I am satisfied that at her death, Diana, Princess of Wales continued to be
considered as a member of the Royal Household."[44] This appears to have been
confirmed in the High Court judicial review matter of Al Fayed & Ors v
Butler-Sloss.[45] In that case, three High Court judges accepted submissions
that the "very name ‘Coroner to the Queen's Household’ gave the appearance of
partiality in the context of inquests into the deaths of two people, one of whom
was a member of the Family and the other was not."[45]
Personal life after divorce
After the divorce, Diana retained
her double apartment on the north side of Kensington Palace, which she had
shared with the Prince of Wales since the first year of their marriage, and it
remained her home until her death.
Diana dated the respected heart
surgeon Hasnat Khan, from Jhelum, Pakistan, who was called "the love of her
life" after her death by many of her closest friends,[46] for almost two years,
before Khan ended the relationship.[47][48] Khan was intensely private and the
relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of the press
who questioned her about it. Khan was from a traditional Pakistani family who
expected him to marry from a related Muslim clan, and their differences, which
were not just religious, became too much for Khan. According to Khan's
testimonial at the inquest for her death, it was Diana herself, not Khan, who
ended their relationship in a late-night meeting in Hyde Park, which adjoins the
grounds of Kensington Palace, in June 1997.
Within a month Diana had begun
seeing Dodi Al-Fayed, son of her host that summer, Mohamed Al-Fayed. Diana had
considered taking her sons that summer on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long
Island, New York, but security officials had prevented it. After deciding
against a trip to Thailand, she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family
in the south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not
cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought a
multi-million pound yacht, the Jonikal, a 60-metre yacht on which to entertain
Diana and her sons.
Landmines
In January 1997, pictures of Diana
touring an Angolan minefield in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket were seen
worldwide. It was during this campaign that some accused her of meddling in
politics and declared her a 'loose cannon'.[49] In August 1997, just days before
her death, she visited Bosnia with Jerry White and Ken Rutherford of the
Landmine Survivors Network.[50] Her interest in landmines was focused on the
injuries they create, often to children, long after a conflict is over.
She is believed to have influenced
the signing, though only after her death, of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an
international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines.[51] Introducing the
Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the
Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines:
All Honourable Members will be
aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of
Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines.
The best way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of
NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave
the way towards a global ban on landmines.[52]
The United Nations appealed to the
nations which produced and stockpiled the largest numbers of landmines (United
States, China, India, North Korea, Pakistan, and Russia) to sign the Ottawa
Treaty forbidding their production and use, for which Diana had campaigned.
Carol Bellamy, Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF), said that landmines remained "a deadly attraction for children, whose
innate curiosity and need for play often lure them directly into harm's
way".[53]
Death
On 31 August 1997, Diana was
fatally injured in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, which
also caused the death of her boyfriend, Dodi Fayed and their driver, Henri Paul,
acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Millions of people watched her
funeral.[54]
Conspiracy theories and inquest
The initial French judicial
investigation concluded the accident was caused by Henri Paul's drunken loss of
control.[55] As early as February 1998, Dodi's father, Mohamed Al-Fayed (who was
also the owner of the Paris Ritz, for which Paul had worked) publicly maintained
that the crash had been planned,[56] accusing MI6 as well as The Duke of
Edinburgh.[57] An inquest in London starting in 2004 and continued in
2007–2008[58] attributed the accident to grossly negligent driving by Henri Paul
and to the pursuing paparazzi.[59] On 8 April 2008, the day following the final
verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced he would end his 10-year campaign to
establish that it was murder rather than an accident, stating that he did so for
the sake of the late princess's children.[60]
Tribute, funeral, and burial
The sudden and unexpected death of
an extraordinarily popular royal figure brought statements from senior figures
worldwide and many tributes by members of the public. People left public
offerings of flowers, candles, cards and personal messages outside Kensington
Palace for many months.
Diana's funeral took place in
Westminster Abbey on 6 September 1997. The previous day Queen Elizabeth II had
paid tribute to her in a live television broadcast.[61] Her sons, the Princes
William and Harry, walked in the funeral procession behind her coffin, along
with the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh, and with Diana's brother,
Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer. Lord Spencer said of his sister, "She proved
in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her
particular brand of magic."[62]
Memorials
Immediately after her death, many
sites around the world became briefly ad hoc memorials to Diana, where the
public left flowers and other tributes. The largest was outside the gates of
Kensington Palace. Permanent memorials include:
The Diana, Princess of Wales
Memorial Gardens in Regent Centre Gardens Kirkintilloch
The Diana, Princess of Wales
Memorial Fountain in Hyde Park, London, opened by Elizabeth II
The Diana, Princess of Wales
Memorial Playground in Kensington Gardens, London
The Diana, Princess of Wales
Memorial Walk, a circular path between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park
and St James's Park, London.
In addition, there are two
memorials inside Harrods department store, at the time owned by Dodi Fayed's
father Mohamed Al-Fayed, in London. The first memorial consists of photos of the
two behind a pyramid-shaped display that holds a wine glass still smudged with
lipstick from Diana's last dinner as well as an 'engagement' ring Dodi purchased
the day before they died.[63] The second, unveiled in 2005 and titled "Innocent
Victims", is a bronze statue of the two dancing on a beach beneath the wings of
an albatross.[64] The Flame of Liberty, erected in 1989 on the Place de l'Alma
in Paris, above the entrance to the tunnel in which the fatal crash later
occurred, has become an unofficial memorial to Diana.[65]
Memorabilia
Following Diana's death, the Diana
Memorial Fund was granted intellectual property rights over her image.[66] In
1998, after refusing the Franklin Mint an official license to produce Diana
merchandise, the fund sued the company, accusing it of illegally selling Diana
dolls, plates and jewelry.[67] In California, where the initial case was tried,
a suit to preserve the right of publicity may be filed on behalf of a dead
person, but only if that person is a Californian. The Memorial Fund therefore
filed the lawsuit on behalf of the estate and, upon losing the case, were
required to pay the Franklin Mint's legal costs of £3 million which, combined
with other fees, caused the Memorial Fund to freeze their grants to
charities.[68]
In 1998, Azermarka issued postage
stamps with both Azeri and English captions, commemorating Diana. The English
text reads "Diana, Princess of Wales. The Princess that captured people's
hearts".
In 2003, the Franklin Mint
counter-sued; the case was eventually settled in 2004, with the fund agreeing to
an out-of-court settlement, which was donated to mutually agreed charitable
causes.[69]
Today, pursuant to this lawsuit,
two California companies continue to sell Diana memorabilia without the need for
any permission from Diana's estate: the Franklin Mint and Princess Ring LLC.
Diana in contemporary art
Diana has been depicted in
contemporary art since her death. Some of the artworks have referenced the
conspiracy theories, as well as paying tribute to Diana's compassion and
acknowledging her perceived victimhood.
In July 1999, Tracey Emin created a
number of monoprint drawings featuring textual references about Diana's public
and private life, for Temple of Diana, a themed exhibition at The Blue Gallery,
London. Works such as They Wanted You To Be Destroyed (1999)[70] related to
Diana's bulimia, while others included affectionate texts such as Love Was On
Your Side and Diana's Dress with puffy sleeves. Another text praised her
selflessness – The things you did to help other people, showing Diana in
protective clothing walking through a minefield in Angola – while another
referenced the conspiracy theories. Of her drawings, Emin maintained "They're
quite sentimental . . . and there's nothing cynical about it whatsoever."[71]
In 2005 Martin Sastre premiered
during the Venice Biennial the film Diana: The Rose Conspiracy. This fictional
work starts with the world discovering Diana alive and enjoying a happy
undercover new life in a dangerous favela on the outskirts of Montevideo. Shot
on a genuine Uruguayan slum and using a Diana impersonator from São Paulo, the
film was selected among the Venice Biennial's best works by the Italian Art
Critics Association.[72]
In 2007, following an earlier
series referencing the conspiracy theories, Stella Vine created a series of
Diana paintings for her first major solo exhibition at Modern Art Oxford
gallery.[73] Vine intended to portray Diana's combined strength and
vulnerability as well as her closeness to her two sons.[74] The works, all
completed in 2007, included Diana branches, Diana family picnic, Diana veil and
Diana pram, which incorporated the quotation "I vow to thee my country".[75]
Immodesty Blaize said she had been entranced by Diana crash, finding it "by
turns horrifying, bemusing and funny".[76] Vine asserted her own abiding
attraction to "the beauty and the tragedy of Diana's life".[74]
Later events
On 13 July 2006 Italian magazine
Chi published photographs showing Diana amid the wreckage of the car crash,[77]
despite an unofficial blackout on such photographs being published.[78][N 3] The
editor of Chi defended his decision by saying he published the photographs
simply because they had not been previously seen, and he felt the images are not
disrespectful to the memory of Diana.[78] Fresh controversy arose over the issue
of these photographs when Britain's Channel 4 broadcast them during a
documentary in June 2007.[citation needed]
1 July 2007 marked a concert at
Wembley Stadium. The event, organised by the Princes William and Harry,
celebrated the 46th anniversary of their mother's birth and occurred a few weeks
before the 10th anniversary of her death on 31 August.
The 2007 docudrama Diana: Last Days
of a Princess details the final two months of her life.
On an October 2007 episode of The
Chaser's War on Everything, Andrew Hansen mocked Diana in his "Eulogy Song",
which immediately created considerable controversy in the Australian media.[79]
Contemporary opinions
From her engagement to the Prince
of Wales in 1981 until her death in 1997, Diana was a major presence on the
world stage, often described as the world's most photographed woman. However,
numerous other sources split the title of "world's most photographed woman"--in
terms of Diana compared to others--between her and Princess Grace. She was noted
for her compassion,[80] style, charisma, and high-profile charity work, as well
as her difficult marriage to the Prince of Wales.
Diana was revealed to be a major
source behind Andrew Morton's Diana: Her True Story, which had portrayed her as
being wronged by the House of Windsor. Morton instanced Diana's claim that she
attempted suicide while pregnant by falling down a series of stairs and that
Charles had left her to go riding. Tina Brown opined that it was not a suicide
attempt because she would not intentionally have tried to harm the unborn child.
Royal biographer Sarah Bradford
commented, "The only cure for her (Diana's) suffering would have been the love
of the Prince of Wales, which she so passionately desired, something which would
always be denied her. His was the final rejection; the way in which he
consistently denigrated her reduced her to despair."[81] Diana herself
commented, "My husband made me feel inadequate in every possible way that each
time I came up for air he pushed me down again ..."[81]
Diana herself admitted to
struggling with depression, self-injury, and bulimia, which recurred throughout
the early years of her marriage. One biographer suggested Diana suffered from
borderline personality disorder.[82]
In 2007, Tina Brown wrote a
biography about Diana as a "restless and demanding ... obsessed with her public
image" and also "spiteful, manipulative, media-savvy neurotic." Brown also
claims Diana married Charles for his power and had a romantic relationship with
Dodi Fayed to anger the royal family, with no intention of marrying him.[83]
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
9 June 1975 – 29 July 1981: The
Lady Diana Frances Spencer
29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her
Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
in Scotland: 29 July 1981 – 28
August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay
28 August 1996 – 31 August 1997:
Diana, Princess of Wales
in Scotland: 28 August 1996 – 31
August 1997: Diana, Duchess of Rothesay[citation needed]
Posthumously, as in life, she is
most popularly referred to as "Princess Diana", a title she never held.[N 4]
Still, she is sometimes referred to (according to the tradition of using maiden
names after death) in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer", or simply as "Lady Di".
After Tony Blair's famous speech she was also often referred to as the People's
Princess.[84]
Diana's full title, while married,
was Her Royal Highness The Princess Charles Philip Arthur George, Princess of
Wales & Countess of Chester, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess
of Carrick, Baroness of Renfrew, Lady of the Isles, Princess of Scotland.[85]
After her divorce and until her
death Diana, Princess of Wales continued to be a Princess of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland without the style Royal Highness. As the
mother of the future Sovereign, she was accorded the same precedence she enjoyed
whilst being married to The Prince of Wales. This situation made the Princess
the first non royal British princess in history.[86]
Honours
1 July 1961 – 9 June 1975: The
Honourable Diana Frances Spencer
British honours
Royal Family Order of Queen
Elizabeth II
Foreign honours
Grand Cross of the Order of the
Crown, bestowed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands in 1982
Arms
|
Arms of Diana,
Princess of Wales |
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Notes |
As the wife of
the Prince of Wales, Diana used his arms impaled (side by
side) with those of her father. |
|
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|
Adopted |
1981 |
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Crest |
Coronet of the
Prince of Wales |
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|
Escutcheon |
Quarterly 1st
and 4th gules three lions passant guardant in pale or armed
and langed azure 2nd or a lion rampant gules armed and
langued azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of
the second 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent overall an
escutcheon of Coat of Arms of the Principality of Wales, the
whole differenced with a label of three points argent;
impaled with a shield quarterly 1st and 4th Argent 2nd and
3rd Gules a fret Or overall a bend Sable charged with three
escallops Argent. |
|
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|
Supporters |
Dexter a lion
rampant gardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of
Wales Proper, sinister a griffin winged and unguled Or,
gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and
fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the
forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or |
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|
Motto |
DIEU DEFEND
LE DROIT
(God defends the right) |
|
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Previous
versions |
After her
divorce and before her death, Diana used the arms of her
father, undifferenced, crowned by a royal coronet.
|
|
Legacy
Diana's interest in supporting and
helping young people led to the establishment of the Diana Memorial Award,
awarded to youths who have demonstrated the unselfish devotion and commitment to
causes advocated by the Princess.
In 2002, Diana was ranked 3rd in
100 Greatest Britons poll, outranking The Queen and other British monarchs.
On 30 August 2007 Peruvian
photographer Mario Testino announced that on 20 November he would auction a
signed photo of Diana for the benefit of the Peru earthquake (in London by
Phillips de Pury & Co). The photo appeared in a 1997 Vanity Fair issue, and
shows Diana wearing a black dress.[87]
The Diana, Princess of Wales
Memorial Playground was erected in Kensington Gardens at a cost of £1.7
million.[88]
The Diana, Princess of Wales
Memorial Walk was dedicated to the memory of Diana, Princess of Wales. It
stretches between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park and St. James's
Park.
On 6 July 2004, The Queen
officially opened the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain. It is located
in the south-west corner of Hyde Park in London.
In 1999 the Diana, Princess of
Wales Memorial Award for Inspirational Young People was established.
Diana's family announced in 2010
they would auction art and horse-drawn carriages that once belonged to Althorp
House.[89]
Fashion designers David and
Elizabeth Emanuel, responsible for much of Diana's clothes, including her
wedding dress, announced in May 2010 they were auctioning 30 lots of clothing,
measurements, and related items.[90]
Ancestry
Diana by birth was a member of the
Spencer family, one of the oldest and most prominent noble families in Britain
which currently holds the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer and
Viscount Churchill. The Spencers claimed to have descended from a cadet branch
of the powerful medieval Despenser family, but its validity is still being
questioned. Diana's noble ancestors include the legendary John Churchill, 1st
Duke of Marlborough and Prince of Mindelheim, his equally famous wife, the
powerful and influential Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, Britain's first Prime
Minister, Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd
Duke of Alba, one of the most powerful men of his era, Maria, Duchess of
Gloucester and Edinburgh, and Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey. She is also
a distant relative of the dukes of Abercorn, Bedford, Richmond, Devonshire,
Gordon and most of the members of the British aristocracy.
Diana's ancestry also connects her
with most of Europe's royal houses. Diana is five times descended from the House
of Stuart from Charles II's four illegitimate sons James Scott, 1st Duke of
Monmouth, Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St
Albans and Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and from James II's daughter,
Henrietta FitzJames, Countess of Newcastle, an ancestry she shares with the
current Dukes of Alba. From the House of Stuart, Diana is a descendant of the
House of Bourbon from the line Henry IV of France and of the House of Medici
from the line of Marie de' Medici. She is also a descendant of powerful Italian
noble families such as that of the House of Sforza who ruled as the Dukes of
Milan from the line of the legendary Caterina Sforza, Countess of Forlì. Diana
also descends from the House of Wittelsbach via morganatic line from Frederick
V, Elector Palatine and of the House of Hanover via Sophia von Platen und
Hallermund, Countess of Leinster and Darlington, the illegitimate daughter of
Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the half sister of George I.
Diana also descends from the House of Toledo of the original dukes of Alba and
Medina Sidonia.
****
Notes
1.^ a b As a titled royal, Diana
held no surname, but, when one was used while married to The Prince of Wales, it
was Mountbatten-Windsor, according to letters patent dated February 1960, their
official family name was Windsor.
2.^ Although it was asserted in
1996 that Diana would after the divorce be called "Lady Diana, Princess of
Wales,", the Royal website in reporting her demise referred to her as "Diana,
Princess of Wales".
3.^ The photographs, taken minutes
after the accident, show her slumped in the back seat while a paramedic attempts
to fit an oxygen mask over her face.
4.^ The style "Princess Diana",
although often used by the public and the media during her lifetime, was always
incorrect. With rare exceptions (such as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester)
only women born to the title (such as The Princess Anne) may use it before their
given names. After her divorce in 1996, Diana was officially styled Diana,
Princess of Wales, having lost the prefix HRH
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Bibliography
Morton, Andrew (1992). Diana: Her
True Story In Her Own Words. New York, NY: Pocket Books.
Mattern, Joane (2006). Princess
Diana (DK Biography). New York, NY: DK Publishing.
Further
reading
Anderson, Christopher (2001).
Diana's Boys: William and Harry and the Mother they loved. United States:
William Morrow; 1st ed edition. ISBN 9780688172046.
Bradford, Sarah (2006). Diana.
London: Penguin Group. ISBN 9780670916788.
Brennan, Kristine (1998). Diana,
princess of Wales. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. ISBN 0791047148.
Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana
Chronicles. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385517089.
Burrell, Paul (2003). A Royal Duty.
United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 9780007252633.
Burrell, Paul (2007). The Way We
Were: Remembering Diana. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN
978-0061138959.
Caradec'h, Jean-Michel (2006).
Diana. L'enquête criminelle. France: Michel Lafon. ISBN 978-2749904795.
Corby, Tom (1997). Diana, Princess
of Wales: A Tribute. United States: Benford Books. ISBN 9781566495998.
Coward, Rosalind (2004). Diana The
Portrait. United Kingdom (other publishers worldwide): HarperCollins. ISBN
10-0007182031.
Davies, Jude (2001). Diana, A
Cultural History: Gender, Race, Nation, and the People's Princess. Houndmills,
Hampshire; New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0333736885. OCLC 46565010.
Denney, Colleen (2005).
Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: Cultural Memory and Fairy Tales
Revisited. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN
0838640230. OCLC 56490960.
Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The
Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.. ISBN
0-688-12996-X.
Edwards, Anne (2001). Ever After:
Diana and the Life She Led. United States: St. Martins Press. ISBN
9780312253141. OCLC 43867312.
Rees-Jones, Trevor (2000). The
Bodyguard's Story: Diana, the Crash, and the Sole Survivor. United States:
Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316855082.
Morton, Andrew (2004). Diana: In
Pursuit of Love. United States: Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 9781843170846.
Morton, Andrew (1992). Diana Her
True Story. United States: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671793630.
Steinberg, Deborah Lynn (1999).
Mourning Diana: Nation, Culture and the Performance of Grief. London: Routledge.
ISBN 0415193931.
Taylor, John A. (2000). Diana,
Self-Interest, and British National Identity. Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN
027596826X. OCLC 42935749.
Thomas, James (2002). Diana's
Mourning: A People's History. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN
0708317537. OCLC 50099981.
Turnock, Robert (2000).
Interpreting Diana: Television Audiences and the Death of a Princess. London,
UK: British Film Institute. ISBN 0851707882. OCLC 43819614.
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