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Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (born July 30,
1947 in Thal, Styria Austria) is an Austrian-American actor, Republican
politician, bodybuilder, and businessman, currently serving as the 38th
Governor of California. He was elected on October 7, 2003 in a special
recall election which removed sitting Governor Gray Davis from office.
Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, 2003 to serve the remainder
of Davis' term, which lasts until January 2007.
Nicknamed the Austrian Oak in his
body-building days, and more recently The Governator and Conan the
Republican, Schwarzenegger as a young man gained widespread attention as
a highly successful bodybuilder, and later gained worldwide fame as a
Hollywood action film star. His most famous films include The Terminator
(and its sequels), Predator, Conan the Barbarian, True Lies, and Total
Recall.
* * * *
Personal background
Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Austria,
four miles (6 km) from Graz, to a Gendarmerie-Kommandant policeman,
Gustav Schwarzenegger (1907-1972) and his wife Aurelia Jadrny
(1922-1998). His parents were members of the Nazi party.
With $20 in his pocket, and not fluent in
English, he moved to the U.S. in 1968. He became a U.S. citizen in 1983,
although he has also retained his Austrian nationality. During this
time, he earned a B.A. from the University of Wisconsin-Superior where
he graduated with degrees in international marketing of fitness and
business administration in 1979.
In 1971 Schwarzenegger's brother Meinhard
was killed in an automobile accident, and his father died the following
year. In 1977 his autobiography, Arnold: The Education of a Body-Builder
was published. In 1986, Schwarzenegger married TV journalist Maria
Shriver, niece of late President John F. Kennedy. The couple have four
children: daughters Katherine and Christina, and sons Patrick and
Christopher. Together, the couple own a home in the fabled Kennedy
Compound.
His distinctive and oft-imitated accent has
led many entertainers and pundits to refer to him simply as "Ah-nuld".
Bodybuilding career
Schwarzenegger first gained fame as a
bodybuilder. His well-developed physique earned him the moniker "The
Austrian Oak"(or "The Styrian Oak") and won him the titles of Junior Mr.
Europe, Mr. World, Mr. Universe (five times) and Mr. Olympia (seven
times). The seven wins at Mr. Olympia was a record set in 1980,
cementing him as a legend of the sport. The record would remain until
Lee Haney won his eighth straight Olympia in 1991. Schwarzenegger is
considered among the most important figures in the history of
bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic
annual bodybuilding competition.
Schwarzenegger has admitted to using
performance-enhancing anabolic steroids, writing in 1977 that
"[steroids] were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a
strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle
growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up." However,
some bodybuilders who used the same steroid cocktails as Schwarzenegger
in the 1970s dispute the notion that they were used merely for "muscle
maintenance." Even Schwarzenegger has called the drugs "tissue
building." In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Willi Heepe, a German doctor who
publicly predicted an early death for the bodybuilder based on a link
between steroid use and later heart problems. Because the doctor had
never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a DM20,000
(US$12,000) libel judgement against him in a German court. In 1999
Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with Globe Magazine, a U.S. tabloid
which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future
health. As late as 1996, a year before open heart surgery to replace an
aortic valve, Schwarzenegger publicly defended his use of anabolic
steroids during his bodybuilding career. (Schwarzenegger was born with a
bicuspid aortic valve; a normal aortic valve is tricuspid.) According to
a spokesman, Schwarzenegger has not used anabolic steroids since 1990
when they were made illegal. In bodybuilder slang, steroids are
sometimes called "Arnolds".
Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent
face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part due to
his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over
numerous contests and awards shows. For many years he wrote a monthly
column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly
after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both
magazines in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate
$250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives.
The magazine MuscleMag International has a monthly two page article on
him and refers to him as "The King".
Schwarzenegger's first political
appointment was to the President's Council on Physical Fitness and
Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993. He was nominated by George
H. W. Bush, who called him "Conan the Republican".
Acting career
Growing bored with professional
bodybuilding, which he began to view as a "go nowhere" career,
Schwarzenegger began to pursue a career as an actor. His uniquely
muscular appearance earned him several movie roles. His first film
appearance was as Hercules in Hercules in New York (1970), credited
under the name Arnold Strong, although his accent in the film was so
thick that his lines were dubbed. He appeared in The Long Goodbye, and
more notably Stay Hungry, for which he was awarded a Golden Globe.
Schwarzenegger came to the attention of more people in the documentary
Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized. In 1991,
Schwarzenegger purchased the rights to this film, outtakes, and
associated still photography that could be embarrassing politically.
Initially he had trouble breaking into films because agents disliked his
surname, muscles and accent. Though Schwarzenegger refuses to discuss
his plastic surgery ("You are confusing me with Cher," he told People
Magazine in 2002), citing before and after photos, critics allege he has
undergone procedures on his eyes and chin, and has received at least one
facelift.
Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was
Conan the Barbarian (1982), and this was cemented by a sequel, Conan the
Destroyer (1984). As an actor, he is most well-known as the title
character of James Cameron's android thriller The Terminator (1984).
Schwarzenegger's acting ability (described by one critic as having an
emotional range that "stretches from A almost to B") has long been the
butt of many jokes; he retains a strong Austrian accent in his speech
even in roles which do not call for such an accent. However, few of the
fans of his work seem to care. He also made a mark for injecting his
films with a droll, often self-deprecating sense of humor, setting him
apart from more serious action heroes such as Sylvester Stallone, his
most prominent contemporary. (As an aside, his alternative-universe
comedy/thriller Last Action Hero featured a poster of the movie
Terminator 2: Judgment Day which, in that alternate universe had
Sylvester Stallone as its star; a similar in-joke in Twins suggested
that the two actors might one day co-star, something which never came to
pass).
Following his arrival as a Hollywood
superstar, he made a number of commercially successful films: Commando
(1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), and Red Heat (1988). In
Predator (1987), another commercially successful film, Schwarzenegger
led a cast which included future Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura
(Ventura also appears in Running Man) and future Kentucky Gubernatorial
Candidate Sonny Landham. Twins, (1988) a comedy with Danny DeVito, was a
change of pace. Total Recall (1990), at that time the most expensive
film ever, netted Schwarzenegger $10 millon and 15% of the gross, and
was a widely praised, thought-provoking science-fiction script behind
his usual violent action. Kindergarten Cop (1990) was another comedy.
Schwarzenegger's critical and commercial
high-water mark was Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). His next film
project, the self-aware action comedy Last Action Hero, (1993), had the
misfortune to be released opposite Jurassic Park, and suffered
accordingly. Schwarzenegger's career never again achieved quite the same
prominence, his aura of box-office invincibility suffering. True Lies
(1994) was a popular sendup of spy films, and saw Schwarzenegger
reunited with director James Cameron, whose own career had taken off
with The Terminator. It was followed by the popular, albeit
by-the-numbers Eraser (1996), and Batman & Robin (1997), his final film
before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Although Batman &
Robin was a famous disaster, Schwarzenegger emerged largely unscathed.
Several film projects were announced with Schwarzenegger attached to
star including the remake of The Planet of the Apes, a new film of I am
Legend and a World War II film scripted by Quentin Tarrantino that would
have seen Schwarzenegger finally play an Austrian. Instead he returned
with End of Days (1999) - an unsuccessful and atypically dark attempt to
broaden his acting range - The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage
(2002), none of which came close to recapturing his former prominence.
He starred in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) and was slated
to star in a possible True Lies 2 and Conan the King, but his duties as
California governor have likely put his movie career on hold until at
least 2007, though producers repeatedly claim he will make a small
appearance in a fourth Terminator film. His last film appearance to date
was a cameo in the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days.
Political career
Political affiliation
Schwarzenegger is a Republican, unusual
among the often heavily Democratic Hollywood community. He describes
himself as fiscally conservative and socially moderate. Schwarzenegger
backed Republican President Ronald Reagan, whose footsteps he's
following—movie star turned politician—while Reagan was in office, and
campaigned for George H.W. Bush in 1988. However, he chastised fellow
Republicans during the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998. Sensing an
opportunity to affect the outcome of the 2004 Presidential race,
Schwarzenegger campaigned in Ohio for Republican George W. Bush in the
closing days of the campaign.
In an interview on October 29, 2002, with
MSNBC's Chris Matthews at Chapman University, Schwarzenegger explained
why he is a Republican:
"Well, I think because a lot of people
don't know why I'm a Republican, I came first of all from a socialistic
country which is Austria and when I came over here in 1968 with the
presidential elections coming up in November, I came over in October, I
heard a lot of the press conferences from both of the candidates
Humphrey and Nixon, and Humphrey was talking about more government is
the solution, protectionism, and everything he said about government
involvement sounded to me more like Austrian socialism.
Then when I heard Nixon talk about it, he
said open up the borders, the consumers should be represented there
ultimately and strengthen the military and get the government off our
backs. I said to myself, what is this guy's party affiliation? I didn't
know anything at that point. So I asked my friend, what is Nixon? He's a
Republican. And I said, I am a Republican. That's how I became a
Republican.
It had been known since the 1990s that
Schwarzenegger was interested in public office; this was jokingly
referenced in a Sylvester Stallone film, Demolition Man, where a future
America passed a constitutional amendment to allow foreign-born
Americans like Schwarzenegger to become President, and that film has
reference to a "Schwarzenegger Presidential Library"."
Regarding a run for public office, in 1999,
he told Talk magazine that "I think about it many times." He said, "The
possibility is there because I feel it inside. I feel there are a lot of
people standing still and not doing enough. And there's a vacuum."
Venturing into politics
Schwarzenegger was appointed Chairman of
the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports in the
administration of George H. W. Bush from 1990 to 1993. During that time,
Schwarzenegger traveled across the U.S. promoting physical fitness to
kids and lobbying all 50 governors in support of school fitness
programs. "He would hit sometimes two or three governors in a day in his
own airplane, at his own expense, somewhere around $4,000 an hour," said
George Otott, his chief of staff at the time. "When he walked in, it
wasn't about the governor, it was about Arnold," said Otott, a retired
Marine. "He has what we in the military call a command presence. He
becomes the number one attention-getter."
He later served as Chairman for the
California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under
Governor Pete Wilson.
Schwarzenegger scored his first real
political success on November 5, 2002 when Californians approved his
personally crafted and sponsored Proposition 49, the "After School
Education and Safety Program Act of 2002", an initiative to make state
grants available for after-school programs.
2003 California recall
For years, Schwarzenegger had discussed
with friends, potential donors, advisors and political allies a possible
run for high political office; on April 10, 2003, for example, he met
with Republican political operative Karl Rove to discuss a future
campaign. In the months leading to the 2003 California recall,
Schwarzenegger was widely rumored to be considering a run at becoming
Governor of California. In the July 2003 issue of Esquire magazine, he
said, "Yes, I would love to be governor of California ... If the state
needs me, and if there's no one I think is better, then I will run."
When a petition to recall Democratic governor Gray Davis qualified for
the ballot on July 24, Schwarzenegger left many wondering whether he
would jump into the contest. Schwarzenegger was just wrapping up a
promotional tour for Terminator 3 and said he would announce his
decision on whether to run on August 6 on The Tonight Show with Jay
Leno.
In the days and even hours leading up to
the show's taping, political experts and insiders concluded that
Schwarzenegger was leaning against running in California's October 7
recall election. Even his closest advisors said he was probably not
going to run. Rumors leading up to the announcement said that his wife,
Maria Shriver, a Kennedy family Democrat, was against his running, and
he wanted her approval in order to run. When announcing his candidacy on
the Tonight Show, he joked, "It's the most difficult [decision] I've
made in my entire life, except the one I made in 1978 when I decided to
get a bikini wax." Ultimately, Shriver said she would support
Schwarzenegger no matter what he chose, so he decided to run.
Schwarzenegger told Leno, "The politicians are fiddling, fumbling and
failing. The man that is failing the people more than anyone is Gray
Davis. He is failing them terribly, and this is why he needs to be
recalled and this is why I am going to run for governor."
As a candidate in the recall election,
Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of
candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views
were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy was immediate national
and international news, with media outlets dubbing him the "Governator"
(referring to The Terminator movies, see above) and "The Running Man"
(the name of another of his movies), and calling the recall election
"Total Recall" (ditto) and "Terminator 4: Rise of the Candidate"
(referring to his movie Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines).
Schwarzenegger was quick to make use of his well-known one-liners,
promising to "pump up Sacramento" (the state capital) and tell Gray
Davis "hasta la vista." At the end of his first press conference, he
told the audience "I'll be back." Schwarzenegger looked to follow in the
footsteps of former California governor and one-time movie star Ronald
Reagan. However, due to his status as a naturalized citizen, he would
not be eligible to seek the Presidency unless the Constitution were to
be amended (as proposed in 2000 by Congressman Barney Frank (D-MA), and
in July 2003 (the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment) by Senator
Orrin Hatch (R-UT)). Among his campaign team were Rob Lowe, Warren
Buffett, and George Shultz.
During the campaign, allegations of sexual
and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger. Within the
last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los
Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several
individual women, sixteen of whom eventually came forward with their
personal stories. Chronologically, they ranged from Elaine Stockton, who
claimed that Schwarzenegger groped her breast at a Gold's Gym in 1975
(she was 19 at the time), to a 51-year-old woman who said that he pinned
her to his chest and spanked her shortly after she met him in connection
with production of his film, "The Sixth Day," in 2000. Schwarzenegger
admitted that he has "behaved badly sometimes" and apologized, but also
stated that "a lot of (what) you see in the stories is not true". This
came after a magazine interview from the same era (1975) surfaced in
which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and indulging in
drugs like marijuana and cocaine.
Allegations printed on the front page of
The Los Angeles Times, based on selective quotation, were also made that
he at one time admired Adolf Hitler and had praised him as a great
propagandist. However the full text of the statement from which the
quotation was taken significantly reduces the credibility of the
allegations. Although Schwarzenegger's father was in fact a member of
the Nazi party, Schwarzenegger has been a strong supporter of various
Jewish groups, and has denounced the principles of the fascist German
regime, saying "I have always despised everything that Hitler stands
for."
These allegations were brought up mainly in
the context of his campaign, but they continue to be occasionally used
by some critics. Garry Trudeau, the cartoonist behind the comic strip
Doonesbury, combined the allegations by nicknaming Schwarzenegger "Herr
Gröpenführer" and depicting Schwarzenegger as a huge, groping hand in
his artwork.
On October 7, 2003, the 2003 California
recall resulted in Governor Gray Davis being recalled with 55.4% of the
Yes vote. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the
second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote, defeating Democrat
Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock and others. In total,
Arnold won the election by about 1.3 million votes.
He was sworn into office on November 17,
2003. Schwarzenegger's inauguration was opened by Vanessa Williams, his
co-star from Eraser singing the National Anthem. His children joined
others in reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, then Maria Shriver spoke
and held the Bible while Schwarzenegger was sworn into the office of
Governor. He spoke briefly: "Today is a new day in California. I did not
seek this office to do things the way they've always been done. What I
care about is restoring your confidence in your government... This
election was not about replacing one man. It was not replacing one
party. It was about changing the entire political climate of our state."
Governorship
In his first few hours in office
Schwarzenegger fulfilled his campaign promise to repeal an unpopular
200% increase in vehicle license fees undertaken to fund the state's
budget. The increase was a restoration to 1998 levels. On his first full
day in office, Schwarzenegger proposed a three-point plan to address the
budget woes. First, Schwarzenegger proposed floating $15 billion in
bonds. Second, he urged voters to pass a constitutional amendment to
limit state spending. Third, he sought an overhaul of workers'
compensation. Schwarzenegger also called the state legislature into a
special session and said that spending cuts would also be necessary. He
initiated the cuts by agreeing to serve as governor with no salary, a
savings of $175,000 per year.
To fulfill the first two points, he urged
California voters to pass Proposition 57 and Proposition 58 in the March
2, 2004 election, which authorized the sale of $15 billion in bonds and
mandated balanced budgets, respectively. Despite initially tepid support
from the public, the combination of heavy campaigning by Schwarzenegger,
endorsements from a number of leading Democrats, and warnings about the
dire consequences should the propositions fail to pass, led to
overwhelming votes in favor of the two propositions. Prop. 57 passed
with 63.3% of the votes in favor and Prop. 58 passed with 71.0% in
favor. He accomplished the third point when he signed a workers'
compensation reform bill on April 19, 2004. Schwarzenegger convinced the
Democratic-controlled state legislature to approve the package by
threatening to take the issue directly to state voters in a November
ballot initiative if the legislature did not act.
Schwarzenegger was later criticized for
reneging on his campaign pledges not to take money from special
interests and for failing to answer directly the sexual harassment
allegations raised by the Los Angeles Times immediately preceding the
recall election. However, Schwarzenegger made a point shortly after
becoming governor of voluntarily attending a training course conducted
by the state Attorney General's office on preventing sexual harassment
(along with several members of his senior staff). Schwarzenegger
continues to collect campaign contributions from private interests at a
greater rate than any politician in California history.
In February 2004, he declined amnesty to
convicted murderer Kevin Cooper who had asked him for clemency in his
death penalty sentence. Nevertheless, Cooper's planned execution was
stayed by the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals pending a revisiting
of evidence. Austrian Green Party spokesman Peter Pilz later called for
Schwarzenegger to be stripped of his Austrian citizenship. Pilz claimed
that Austrian law forbids any Austrian citizen from taking part in or
ordering executions.
The Governor has granted clemency or early
release to quite a surprising number of convicted felons serving time in
state prisons, leading some to believe that he is less "tough on crime"
than his Democratic predecessor, who presided over numerous executions.
Despite expectations that Schwarzenegger
would be vulnerable to opposition critics once taking office, his early
governorship showed some successes. He has dealt successfully with
California politicians as diverse as John Burton on the left to Tom
McClintock on the right. At the end of May, 2004 the Field poll put his
popularity at 65%, the highest for a California governor in 45 years,
including 41% of Democrats, party adherents of his opposition. By
comparison, former United States President Ronald Reagan, known as "the
Great Communicator," never hit 60% approval while serving as California
governor. In March, 2004 libertarian policy research foundation The Cato
Institute rated him 1st in their fiscal policy report card of the
nation's governors.
In July 2004, however, Schwarzenegger and
the state legislature deadlocked, failing to approve the state budget on
time. Trying to rouse public support for his position, he compared
lawmakers to kindergartners who need a "timeout," and in a rally of
supporters called his budget opponents "girlie men" (a reference to a
long-running Saturday Night Live skit parodying Schwarzenegger). The
remark became national news and was not received well by his opponents,
including gay advocacy and feminist groups who labeled it homophobic and
sexist, not to mention the legislators themselves. His supporters made
"girly men" T-shirts and the Governor continued to use the term,
including when he addressed the Republican National Convention, calling
critics of the current U.S. economic situation "economic girlie men".
Despite what some viewed as political snags
during the summer, the Field polls released in August and October 2004
showed that Schwarzenegger's approval rating remained at 65%.
Additionally, in October, for the first time in four years a plurality
of Californians felt the state was "on the right track". When asked if
they would support Schwarzenegger if he could run for president, 50%
said they would oppose while only 26% said they would support the
governor in a presidential bid.
Spring 2005
In the spring of 2005, polls began showing
Schwarzenegger's approval ratings had dropped to in-between 40-49%.On
June 13, 2005, Schwarzenegger called a statewide special election for
November 8, 2005, to vote on a series of reform measures he initially
proposed in his 2005 State of the State address. A non-partisan Field
poll released a week later showed his support had dropped to 37%, one of
the lowest approval ratings for any California governor and barely above
the support of recalled Gray Davis.
Schwarzenegger's spokesman cautioned that
the governor had not yet had enough time to explain his proposals to
voters. The Legislature also shared low approval ratings, with just 24%
of voters saying they approve of the job lawmakers have been doing. That
represents a drop of 10% since February. The governor has responded that
the poll sends a "very clear message to us. They are saying they want us
to work together." He has also responded "I know popularity goes up and
down... as soon as you start making decisions and strong decisions,
sometimes they're not popular decisions." Republicans have claimed that
the drop in popularity was due to a multi-million dollar ad campaign by
various groups such as unions for nurses, police and firefighters, who
opposed his plans for the state pension and his administration's lawsuit
to delay implementation of a nurse-to-patient staffing ratio plan.
In late June 2005, another non-partisan
Field Poll had similar numbers as the earlier one, finding that 57% of
California voters are not inclined to elect Schwarzenegger to a second
term as Governor in 2006. When asked about the lessons of the poll,
Schwarzenegger has responded "People make mistakes sometimes, and I
think that we learn. [...] These are very clear messages that we must
work together, and so I am looking forward to that."
To a large degree, Governor
Schwarzenegger's un-popularity has to do with his confrontation of two
major labor unions: the California nurse's union, and the California
teacher's union. However, the Governor's priority remains to stabilize
the budget of the state, which has experienced an historic deficit in
recent years...
Miscellaneous
While Arnold Schwarzenegger's height was
always believed to be 6 feet, 2 inches (1.88 m), a July 2002 article in
US Weekly magazine speculated that Schwarzenegger was actually closer to
5 ft 10 in (1.78 m). During his campaign for governorship it was noted
that Schwarzenegger was considerably shorter than many expected, with
others putting his height at around 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m), exactly as
reported in US Weekly. His spokespeople now give his height as 6 ft even
(1.83 m). Assuming his height was ever closer to 6'2", it is possible he
may have shrunk slightly with age, although four inches seems too much
to lose by the mid-fifties.
In honor of its most famous son,
Schwarzenegger's home town of Graz named its new football (soccer)
stadium after him. The Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadion, which is the home
of both Grazer AK and Sturm Graz and has a capacity of 15,400, cost
€20.5 million, and opened on July 9, 1997.
In 2005 Peter Pilz from the Austrian Green
Party in parliament demanded to revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian
citizenship because of his involvement in the exercise of the death
penalty in California. This demand was based on article 33 of the
Austrian citizenship act that states: "A citizen, who is in the public
service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if
he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the {Austrian}
Republic". The European Convention on Human Rights, which bans the death
penalty, is part of the Austrian constitution. Schwarzenegger justified
his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of
California was to prevent an error in the judicial system.
Because Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a
replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue, medical
experts predict he will require repeated heart valve replacement surgery
in the next two to eight years (as his current valve degrades).
Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only
permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it
would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to
exercise.
* * * *
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