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Marvin Gaye (born Marvin
Pentz Gay, Jr.) (April 2, 1939 – April 1, 1984) was an American soul and R&B
singer-songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer and performer who gained
international fame as an artist on the Motown label in the 1960s and 1970s.
Beginning his career in
Mowtown in 1960, Gaye quickly became Motown's top solo male artist and scored
numerous hits during the 1960s, among them "Stubborn Kind of Fellow", "How Sweet
It Is (To Be Loved By You)", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", and several hit
duets with Tammi Terrell, including "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" and "You're
All I Need to Get By", before moving on to his own form of musical
self-expression.
Along with Stevie Wonder,
Gaye is notable for fighting the hit-making—but creatively restrictive—Motown
record-making process, in which performers and songwriters and record producers
were generally kept in separate camps.[1] With his successful 1971 album What's
Going On and subsequent releases including Trouble Man and Let's Get It On
proved that Gaye, who had been a part-time songwriter for Motown artists during
his early years with the label, could write and produce his own singles without
having to rely on the Motown system. This achievement would pave the way for the
successes of later self-sufficient singer-songwriter-producers in African
American music, such as Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross, and Babyface.
During the 1970s, Gaye
would release several other notable albums, including Let's Get It On and I Want
You, and had hits with singles such as "Let's Get It On", "Got to Give It Up",
and "Sexual Healing". By the time of his death in 1984, at the hands of his
clergyman father, Gaye had become one of the most influential artists of the
soul music era.
****
Birth name Marvin Pentz
Gay, Jr.
Born April 2, 1939
Origin Washington, D.C.,
USA
Died April 1, 1984; Los
Angeles, California
Genre(s) R&B, pop, soul,
funk
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer
Instrument(s) Vocals,
piano/keyboard, synthesizer, drums
Years active 1957-1984
Label(s) Tamla, Columbia
Associated
acts The Moonglows, Tammi
Terrell, The Originals
****
Biography
Early
music career
After being discharged
from a tenure in the United States Air Force for not following orders, young
Marvin joined several doo wop groups, settling on The Marquees, a popular D.C.
group. With Bo Diddley, The Marquees released a single, "Wyatt Earp", in 1958 on
Okeh Records and were then recruited by Harvey Fuqua to become The Moonglows.
"Mama Loocie", released in 1959 on Chess Records, was Gaye's first single with
the Moonglows and his first recorded lead. After a concert in Detroit, the "new"
Moonglows disbanded and Fuqua introduced Gaye to Motown Records president Berry
Gordy. He signed Gaye first as a session drummer for acts such as The Miracles
and The Marvelettes and after much pleading, was signed as a singer less than a
year later.
As a session drummer and
part-time songwriter, Gaye worked with The Miracles, The Contours, Martha & the
Vandellas, and other Motown acts. Most notably, he is the drummer on The
Marvelettes' 1961 number one hit "Please Mr. Postman" and Little Stevie Wonder's
1963 number one hit "Fingertips Pt. 2" and co-wrote Martha & the Vandellas' 1964
hit "Dancing In The Street" and The Marvelettes' 1962 hit "Beechwood 4-5789".
Popular and well-liked around Motown, Gaye already carried himself in a
sophisticated, gentlemanly manner and had little need of training from Motown's
in-house Artist Development director Miss Maxine Powell.
Solo
career
In 1961, Marvin released
his debut album for the label, The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye, which was full
of jazz standards and Broadway theatre standards. However, the album and three
subsequent singles that came afterwards, failed to generate an audience and in
the fall of 1962, he was convinced to do the R&B-rooted productions that was a
staple at Motown releasing his first hit with "Stubborn Kind of Fellow". The
single was co-written by Gaye and William "Mickey" Stevenson, who created the
title as a sly reference to the sometimes moody Gaye and became a Top 10 R&B
record peaking at number eight on the chart. 1963's "Hitch Hike" and "Can I Get
a Witness" were his first Top 40 pop hits. These earlier records featured a
"churchiness…that was pushed by that urgent Detroit rhythm section".[2] "Pride &
Joy" (1963) became a smash hit, but Gaye was discontented with the role he felt
Motown Records kept him locked in: a romantic balladeer and crooner, aiming
always for chart success in the singles market. He wanted instead to be a pop
singer in the vein of Nat King Cole or Frank Sinatra but settled for a blend of
the styles of those artists with the passionate soul singing of performers such
as Jackie Wilson and his role model Sam Cooke. Some of Marvin's famed early
material followed including "You Are a Wonderful One", "How Sweet It Is (To Be
Loved By You)", and his first two #1 R&B singles, the Miracles-composed numbers
"I'll Be Doggone" and "Ain't That Peculiar". His 1966 album, Moods of Marvin
Gaye, made him one of the first R&B artists to have more than five Top 40 hit
singles in one record.
Enter
Tammi Terrell
Main article: Tammi
Terrell
A number of Gaye's hit
singles for Motown were duets with female artists such as Mary Wells, Kim Weston
and Tammi Terrell; the first Gaye/Wells album, 1964's Together, was Gaye's first
charting album. Terrell and Gaye in particular had a good rapport, and their
first album together, 1967's United, birthed the massive hits "Ain't No Mountain
High Enough" and "Your Precious Love". Real life couple Nickolas Ashford and
Valerie Simpson provided the writing and production for the Gaye/Terrell
records; while Gaye and Terrell themselves were not lovers (though rumors
persist that they may have been), they convincingly portrayed lovers on record,
indeed Gaye sometimes claimed that for the durations of the songs he was in love
with her. On October 14, 1967, Terrell collapsed into Gaye's arms onstage while
they were performing at the Hampton University homecoming in Virginia (contrary
to popular belief, it was not Hampden-Sydney College, also in Virginia). She was
later diagnosed with a brain tumor, and her health continued to deteriorate.
Motown decided to try and
carry on with the Gaye/Terrell recordings, issuing the You're All I Need album
in 1968, which featured the hits "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" and "You're
All I Need to Get By". By the time of the final Gaye/Terrell album, Easy, in
1969, Terrell's vocals were performed mostly by Valerie Simpson. Two tracks on
Easy were archived Terrell solo songs with Gaye's vocals overdubbed onto them.
Terrell's illness put
Gaye in a depression; when his Norman Whitfield-produced "I Heard It Through the
Grapevine" (sample (help·info)) became his first #1 hit and the biggest selling
single in Motown history to that point, he refused to acknowledge his success,
feeling that it was undeserved. Meanwhile, Gaye's marriage was crumbling with
Anna and he continued to feel irrelevant, singing endlessly about love while
popular music underwent a revolution and began addressing social and political
issues.
What's
Going On
Tammi Terrell died of
brain cancer on March 16, 1970. Gaye subsequently went into self-seclusion, and
did not perform in concert for nearly two years. He tried various spirit-lifting
diversions, including a short-lived attempt at a football career with the
Detroit Lions. He trained hard but the team's managers turned him down without a
tryout. He continued to feel pain with no form of self-expression. As a result,
he entered the studio on June 1, 1970 and recorded the songs "What's Going On",
"God is Love", and "Sad Tomorrows" - an early version of "Flying High (In the
Friendly Sky)".
Gaye wanted to release
"What's Going On" (sample (help·info)). Motown head Berry Gordy refused,
however, calling the single "uncommercial". Gaye refused to record any more
until Gordy gave in, and the song became a surprise hit in January 1971. Gordy
subsequently requested an entire album of similar tracks from Gaye.
The What's Going On album
became one of the highlights of Gaye's career, and is today his best known work.
Both in terms of sound (influenced by funk and jazz) and lyrical content
(heavily political) it was a major departure from his earlier Motown work. Two
more of its singles, "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" and "Inner City Blues (Make
Me Wanna Holler)", became Top 10 pop hits and #1 R&B hits. The album became one
of the most memorable soul albums of all time, and, based upon its themes, the
concept album became the next new frontier for soul music. It has been called
"the most important and passionate record to come out of soul music, delivered
by one of its finest voices."[3]
Continued success in music
After the success of the
soundtrack to the blaxplotation film, Trouble Man in 1972, Marvin decided to
switch topics from social to sensual with the release of Let's Get It On (sample
(help·info)). The album was a rare departure for the singer for its blatant
sensualism inspired by the success of What's Going On and Marvin's need to
produce himself in his own way. Yielded by the smash title track and subsequent
other hits such as "Come Get to This", "You Sure Love to Ball" and "Distant
Lover", the album would be later hailed as "a record unparallelled in its sheer
sensuality and carnal energy."[4]
Gaye began working on his
final duet album, this time for Diana Ross for the Diana & Marvin project, an
album of duets that began recording in 1972, while Ross was pregnant with her
second child, Tracee Ellis Ross. Gaye, a longtime marijuana smoker, refused to
put his joints out for the pregnant Ross, who immediately complained to Berry
Gordy about the issue. Gaye refused to sing if he couldn't smoke in the studio,
and the duet album was recorded by overdubbing Ross and Gaye at separate studio
session dates. Released in the fall of 1973, the album yielded the US hit
singles "You're a Special Part of Me and the UK top five version of The
Stylistics' "You Are Everything". During this time, a live recording of "Distant
Lover" was so well received that Motown issued a single release for the live
album resulting in a rare chart success for Gaye and helping his live album,
Marvin Gaye Live!, reach the top ten of the Billboard pop album chart. Also
during this time, Marvin hosted his own special concerning his return to live
performing after the death of Tammi Terrell on The Midnight Special, which also
showed rare interviews by Gaye during the period and a rare moment with Marvin
and his father. After the success of Let's Get It On, Marvin went through
writer's block trying to come up with a follow-up.
In 1975 Marvin teamed up
with Motown songwriter and aspiring singer Leon Ware on a series of sensual
productions that were originally were to be recorded by Ware himself until
Motown CEO Berry Gordy approached Ware to give the songs to Gaye. In April of
the following year, Marvin released the I Want You LP, which yielded the
number-one R&B single, "I Want You", and the modest charter, "After the Dance",
and produced erotic album tracks such as "Since I Had You" and "Soon I'll Be
Loving You Again" with its musical productions gearing Gaye towards more funky
material.
Later
years
In 1977, Gaye released
the seminal funk single, "Got to Give It Up", which went to number-one on both
the pop, R&B and dance singles charts and helped his Live at the London
Palladium album sell over two million copies and becoming one of the top ten
best-selling albums of the year. The following year, after divorcing his first
wife Anna, he agreed to remit a portion of his salary and sales of his upcoming
album to his ex for alimony. The result was 1978's Here, My Dear, which
addressed the sour points of his marriage to Anna and almost led to Anna filing
a invasion of privacy against Marvin though she later recanted that decision.
That album tanked on the charts, despite its later critical reevaluation,
however, and Gaye struggled to sell a record. By 1979, besieged by tax problems
and drug addictions, Gaye filed for bankruptcy and moved to Hawaii where he
lived in a bread van. In 1980, he signed with British promoter Jeffrey Kruger to
do concerts overseas with the highlight supposedly a Royal Command Performance
at London's Drury Lane in front of Princess Margaret. Gaye failed to make the
stage on time and by the time he came, everyone had left. While in London,
Marvin worked on In Our Lifetime?, a complex and deeply personal record. When
Motown issued the album in 1981, Gaye was livid: he accused Motown of editing
and remixing the album without his consent, releasing an unfinished song, ("Far
Cry") altering the album art he requested and removing the question mark from
the title (rendering the intended irony imperceptible).
After being offered a
chance to clear things out in Oostende, Belgium, he permanently moved to the
famous coastal country in 1981. After being upset over Motown's hasty decision
to release In Our Lifetime, he negotiated a release from the label and signed
with Columbia Records in 1982 and released Midnight Love the same year. The
album included Marvin's final big hit, "Sexual Healing" (sample (help·info)).
The song gave Gaye his first two Grammy Awards for (Best R&B Male Vocal
Performance and Best R&B Instrumental) in February 1983. The following year, he
won a Grammy nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance again, this time for
the Midnight Love album itself. In February 1983, Gaye gave an emotional
performance of The Star-Spangled Banner at the NBA All-Star Game, held at The
Forum in Inglewood, California. A month later, he gave his final performance in
front of his old mentor and label for "Motown 25" performing "What's Going On"
before going out on a U.S. tour to support his album, which was plagued by
health problems and Gaye's bouts with depression and paranoia over an alleged
attempt on his life before ending in August 1983.
By the time the tour
ended, he isolated himself by moving into his parents' house. He threatened to
commit suicide several times after numerous bitter arguments with his father,
Marvin, Sr. On April 1, 1984, one day before his forty-fifth birthday, Gaye's
father shot and killed him after an argument that had started after Marvin's
parents argued over misplaced business documents. Marvin, Sr. later was
sentenced to six years of probation after pleading guilty to manslaughter.
Charges of first-degree murder were dropped after doctors discovered he had a
tumor. Later serving his final years in a retirement home, he died of pneumonia
in 1998.
After some posthumous
releases cemented his memory in the popular consciousness, Gaye was inducted
into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. He later was inducted to
Hollywood's Rock Walk in 1989 and the following year was given a star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1990.
Personal life
Marvin Gaye was born the
first son and second eldest of four children to Rev. Marvin Pentz Gay, Sr and
schoolteacher Alberta Williams. He, sisters Jeanne and baby Zeola, and younger
brother Frankie Gay lived in the segregated section of Washington, D.C.'s
Deanwood neighborhood in the northeastern section of the city. Marvin's father
preached in a Seventh-day Adventist Church sect called the House of God, which
went by a strict code of conduct and mixed teachings of "Orthodox Judaism
subarity and black Pentecostal joy" and didn't practice celebrating holidays and
birthdays.
Marvin's father was
physically abusive and often beat his four children if he felt they misbehaved.
Jeanne Gay has said that Marvin's father couldn't understand Marvin's
free-spiritedness.
After dropping out of
Cardozo High School, Marvin left school and joined the United States Air Force
only to drop out within months because the teenager refused to follow orders.
After starting his recording career in Motown, Marvin changed his name from
Marvin Gay to Marvin Gaye adding the 'e' to separate himself from his father,
end all gossip concerning his sexuality, and in admiration of his idol, Sam
Cooke, who also added an 'e' to his last name ([1]).
Marvin married twice. His
first marriage, to Berry Gordy, Jr.'s sister Anna Gordy, who inspired some of
Gaye's earlier hits including "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" and "You Are a Wonderful
One", produced an adopted son, Marvin Pentz Gaye III (b. June 8, 1965). Troubled
from the start, the marriage permanently imploded after Marvin began courting
Janis Hunter, the seventeen-year-old daughter of hipster jazz icon Slim
Gaillard, in 1973 following the release of his Let's Get It On album. Hunter was
also an inspiration to Gaye's music, particularly his entire post-What's Going
On/Trouble Man period which included Let's Get It On and I Want You. Their
relationship produced two children, Nona Marvisa Gaye (b. September 4, 1974) and
Frankie Christian Gaye (b. November 16, 1975). Marvin and Janis married after
Marvin's divorce from Anna was finalized. Shortly after their October 1977
wedding in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, however, they separated due to growing
tensions between them, finally divorcing in February 1981.
After Marvin's death, two
of Marvin's children followed in his footsteps to show business: eldest son
Marvin Pentz Gaye III became a record producer and has control of his estate
while Gaye's only daughter, Nona, became a model, an acclaimed actress and as a
singer was noted for working closely with Prince. Marvin's youngest child, son
Frankie Christian, has not followed his siblings into show business. Marvin
currently has two grandchildren.
Neo-soul singer Donnie,
who recorded the critically-acclaimed 2001 album, The Colored Section, is also a
relative.
Legacy, tributes and award recognitions
Even before Gaye died,
there had already been tributes to the singer. In 1983, the British group
Spandau Ballet recorded the single "True" as a partial tribute to both Gaye and
the Motown sound he helped establish. A year after his death, The Commodores
made reference to Gaye's death in their 1985 song "Night Shift" as did the
Violent Femmes in their 1988 song "See My Ships". Former Motown alum Diana Ross
also paid tribute with her Top 10 pop single "Missing You" (1985) while the soul
band Maze featuring Frankie Beverly recorded the tribute song, "Silky Soul"
(1989), in honor of their late mentor. He was also mentioned in the next-to-last
choral verse of George Michael's record, "John & Elvis are Dead", featured on
his album, Patience.
In 1995, certain artists
including Madonna, Stevie Wonder, Speech of the group Arrested Development and
Gaye's own daughter Nona, paid tribute to Gaye with the MTV-assisted tribute
album, Inner City Blues: The Music of Marvin Gaye, which also included a
documentary of the same name that aired on MTV. In 1999, R&B artists such as
D'Angelo, Erykah Badu, Brian McKnight and Will Downing paid their respects to
Gaye in a tribute album, Marvin Is 60. In October 2001, an all-star cover of
"What's Going On", produced by Jermaine Dupri, was issued as a benefit single,
credited to "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide". The single, which was a reaction
to the tragedy of the September 11, 2001 attacks as well as to the AIDS crisis,
featured contributions from a plethora of stars, including Christina Aguilera,
Mary J. Blige, Bono, Mariah Carey, Destiny's Child, Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit,
Nelly Furtado, Alicia Keys, Aaron Lewis of the rock group StainD, Nas, *NSYNC,
P. Diddy, ?uestlove of The Roots, Britney Spears, and Gwen Stefani [2]. The
"What's Going On" cover also featured Nona, who sang one of the song's memorable
lines, Father, father/we don't need to escalate.
In 1987, Marvin was
inducted posthumously to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame with Marvin's first wife
Anna Gordy and son Marvin III accepting for Marvin. He was later given his own
star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1990. In 1996, he was posthumously awarded
with the Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement Award and was honored in song by
admirers Annie Lennox and Seal.
Throughout his long
career, Gaye scored a total of forty-one Top 40 hit singles on Billboard's Pop
Singles chart between 1963 and 2001, sixty top forty R&B singles chart hits from
1962 to 2001, eighteen Top 10 pop singles on the pop chart, thirty-eight Top 10
singles on the R&B chart (according to latest figures from Joel Whitburns Top
R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004, 2004), three number-one pop hits and thirteen
number-one R&B hits and tied with Michael Jackson in total as well as the fourth
biggest artist of all-time to spend the most weeks at the number-one spot on the
R&B singles chart (52 weeks). In all, Gaye produced a total of sixty-seven
singles on the Billboard charts in total spanning five decades including five
posthumous releases.
The year a remix of
Marvin's "Let's Get It On" was released to urban adult contemporary radio,
"Let's Get It On" was certified gold by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000
units, making it the best-selling single of all time on Motown in the United
States. Gaye's "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" holds the title of the
best-selling international Motown single of all time, with high sales explained
by a re-release in Europe following a Levi's 501 Jeans commercial in 1986.
In 2005, rock group A
Perfect Circle released "What's Going On" as part of an anti-war CD titled
eMOTIVe. The next year, it was announced that rock group the Strokes was going
to cover Marvin's "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" on their next album. In October
2005, a discussion was delivered at Marvin's hometown of Washington, D.C.'s City
Council to change the name of a park located at Marvin's childhood neighborhood
from Watts Branch Park to Marvin Gaye Park and was soon offered so for $5
million to make the name change a reality. The park was renamed on April 2, 2006
on what would've been Marvin's sixty-seventh birthday.
A documentary about
Gaye's life and death - What's Going On: The Marvin Gaye Story - was a UK/PBS
USA co-production, directed by Jeremy Marre.
In February 2006,
production on an independent film, titled Sexual Healing, a biopic about Gaye's
later years, was announced. It was to have been a full-scale biopic of Gaye, but
Motown refused to license rights to its Marvin Gaye catalog. It is to start
filming in May 2006, starring Jesse L. Martin. Recently news has been made about
another Gaye biopic, titled Marvin - The Life Story of Marvin Gaye, being set
for production also later this year with singer Roberta Flack supervising on the
music and is said to be a full-scale biopic of Gaye [3]. A play in Marvin's
hometown of Washington, D.C. about the singer is currently playing.
Discography
For further information,
see: Marvin Gaye discography.
U.S. and UK Top Ten
Singles
The following singles
reached the Top Ten of either the United States pop singles chart or the United
Kingdom pop singles chart.
1963: "Pride & Joy" (US
#10)
1964: "How Sweet It Is
(To Be Loved By You)" (US #6)
1965: "I'll Be Doggone"
(US #8)
1965: "Ain't That
Peculiar" (US #8)
1967: "Your Precious
Love" (with Tammi Terrell) (US #5)
1967: "If I Could Build
My Whole World Around You" (with Tammi Terrell) (US #10)
1968: "Ain't Nothing Like
the Real Thing" (with Tammi Terrell) (US #8)
1968: "You're All I Need
to Get By" (with Tammi Terrell) (US #7)
1968: "I Heard It through
the Grapevine" (US #1; UK #1)
1969: "The Onion Song"
(with Tammi Terrell) (UK #9)
1969: "Too Busy Thinking
About My Baby" (US #4; UK #5)
1969: "Abraham, Martin &
John" (UK #9)
1969: "That's The Way
Love Is" (US #7)
1971: "What's Going On"
(US #2)
1971: "Mercy Mercy Me
(The Ecology)" (US #4)
1971: "Inner City Blues
(Make Me Wanna Holler)" (US #9)
1972: "Trouble Man" (US
#7)
1973: "Let's Get It On"
(US #1)
1974: "You Are
Everything" (with Diana Ross) (UK #5)
1977: "Got To Give It Up"
(US #1; UK #7)
1982: "Sexual Healing"
(US #3; UK #4)
Top Ten Albums
The following albums
reached the Top Ten on either the United States pop albums chart or the United
Kingdom pop albums chart.
1971: What's Going On
(U.S. #6)
1973: Let's Get It On
(U.S. #2)
1973: Diana & Marvin
(w/Diana Ross) (UK #6)
1974: Marvin Gaye Live!
(U.S. #8)
1976: I Want You (U.S.
#4)
1977: Live at the London
Palladium (U.S. #3)
1982: Midnight Love (U.S.
#7; UK #10)
1994: The Very Best of
Marvin Gaye (UK #3)
2000: Marvin Gaye Love
Songs (UK #8)
****
Notes
1 G.arofalo, pgs. 261-262
2. Rolling Stone, pg. 235
3. John Bush, review of
What's Going On, by Marvin Gaye, allmusic.com (accessed June 10, 2005).
4. Jason Ankeny, review
of Let's Get It On, by Marvin Gaye, allmusic.com (accessed June 10, 2005).
References
Garofalo, Reebee (1997).
Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 0-205-13703-2.
Gaye, Frankie with Basten,
Fred E. (2003). Marvin Gaye: My Brother. Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-742-0
Heron, W. Kim (April 8,
1984). Marvin Gaye: a life marked by complexity. Detroit Free Press.
Posner, Gerald (2002).
Motown : Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. ISBN
0-375-50062-6.
Ritz, David (1986).
Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye. Cambridge, Mass: Da Capo Press. ISBN
0-306-81191-X
Ward, Ed, Geoffrey Stokes
and Ken Tucker (1986). Rock of Ages: The Rolling Stone History of Rock and Roll.
Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 0-671-54438-1.
Gambaccini, Paul (1987).
The Top 100 Rock 'n' Roll Albums of All Time. New York: Harmony Books.My Brother
Marvin:The Play By: Zalla Gaye
Further reading
Dyson, Michael Eric
(2004). Mercy, Mercy Me: The Art, Loves, and Demons of Marvin Gaye. New
York/Philadelphia: Basic Civitas. ISBN 0-465-01769-X.
****
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