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Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an
American singer-songwriter, record producer and actress. She made her
recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive
Tommy Mottola, and became the first recording artist to have her first
five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her
marriage to Mottola in 1993, a series of hit records established her
position as Columbia's highest-selling act. According to Billboard
magazine, she was the most successful artist of the 1990s in the United
States.[3]
Following her separation from Mottola in 1997, Carey introduced elements
of hip hop into her album work, to much initial success, but her
popularity was in decline when she left Columbia in 2001, and she was
dropped by Virgin Records the following year after a highly publicized
physical and emotional breakdown, as well as the poor reception given to
Glitter, her film and soundtrack project. In 2002, Carey signed with
Island Records, and after a relatively unsuccessful period, she returned
to the top of pop music in 2005.[4][5]
Carey was named the best-selling female pop artist of the millennium at
the 2000 World Music Awards.[6] She has the most number-one singles for
a solo artist in the United States (eighteen; second artist overall
behind The Beatles),[7] where, according to the Recording Industry
Association of America, she is one of the best-selling female artists
and sixteenth overall recording artist.[8] In addition to her commercial
accomplishments, Carey has earned five Grammy Awards, and is well-known
for her vocal range, power, melismatic style, and use of the whistle
register. To date, Mariah Carey has sold over 200 million albums
worldwide.[9]
****
Background information
Birth name Mariah Carey
Born March 27, 1970 (1970-03-27) (age 38) [1] Huntington, Long Island,
New York, United States
Genre(s) Pop, R&B
Occupation(s) Singer-songwriter, record producer, actress
Voice type(s) Alto[2]
Years active 1990–present
Label(s) Columbia, Virgin, Island
Website www.mariahcarey.com
****
Life and music career
Childhood and youth
Mariah Carey was born in Huntington, Long Island, New York. She is the
third and youngest child of Patricia (née Hickey), a former opera singer
and vocal coach of Irish descent, and Alfred Roy Carey, an aeronautical
engineer of Afro-Venezuelan descent.[10][11] Carey's parents divorced
when she was three years old.[12] While living in Huntington, racist
neighbors allegedly poisoned the family dog and set fire to her family's
car.[13] After her parents' divorce, Carey had little contact with her
father, and her mother worked several jobs to support the family. Carey
spent much of her time at home alone and turned to music to occupy
herself. She began singing at around the age of three, when her mother
began to teach her after Carey imitated her mother practicing Verdi's
opera Rigoletto in Italian.[14]
Carey graduated from Harborfields High School in Greenlawn, New York.
She was frequently absent because of her work as a demo singer for local
recording studios; her classmates consequently gave her the nickname
"Mirage."[15] Her work in the Long Island music scene gave her
opportunities to work with musicians such as Gavin Christopher and Ben
Margulies, with whom she co-wrote material for her demo tape. After
moving to New York City, Carey worked part-time jobs to pay the rent,
and she completed 500 hours of beauty school.[16] Eventually, she became
a backup singer for Puerto Rican freestyle singer Brenda K. Starr.
In 1988, Carey met Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola at a party,
where Starr gave him Carey's demo tape. Mottola played the tape when
leaving the party and was impressed. He returned to find Carey, but she
had left. Nevertheless, Mottola tracked her down and signed her to a
recording contract. This Cinderella-like story became part of the
standard publicity surrounding Carey's entrance into the industry.[17]
1990–1992: Early commercial success
Carey co-wrote the tracks on her 1990 debut album Mariah Carey, and she
has continued to co-write the majority of her material since. During the
recording, she expressed dissatisfaction with the contributions of
producers such as Ric Wake and Rhett Lawrence, whom the executives at
Columbia had enlisted to help make the album more commercially
viable.[18] Backed by a substantial promotional budget, the album
reached number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, where it remained
for several weeks. It yielded four number-one singles, and made Carey a
star in the United States, but it was less successful in other
countries. Critics rated the album highly, and Carey won Grammys for
Best New Artist, and—for her debut single, "Vision of Love"[19]—Best
Female Pop Vocal Performance.[1]
Carey conceived Emotions, her second album, as an homage to Motown soul
music (see Motown Sound), and she worked with Walter Afanasieff and
Clivillés & Cole (from the dance group C&C Music Factory) on the record.
It was released soon after her debut album—in late 1991—but was neither
critically nor commercially as successful; Rolling Stone described it as
"more of the same, with less interesting material [...] pop-psych love
songs played with airless, intimidating expertise."[20] The title track
"Emotions" made Carey the only recording act to have their first five
singles reach number one on the U.S. Hot 100 chart, although the album's
follow-up singles failed to match this feat. Carey had been lobbying to
produce her own songs, and beginning with Emotions, she has co-produced
most of her material. "I didn't want [Emotions] to be somebody else's
vision of me," she said. "There's more of me on this album."[21]
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Although Carey performed live occasionally,
stage fright prevented her from embarking on a major tour.[22] Her first
widely seen appearance was featured on the television show MTV Unplugged
in 1992, and she remarked that she felt her performance that night
proved her vocal abilities were not, as some had previously speculated,
simulated with studio equipment.[23] Alongside acoustic versions of some
of her earlier songs, Carey premiered a cover of The Jackson 5's "I'll
Be There" with her back-up singer Trey Lorenz. The duet was released as
a single, reached number one in the U.S., and led to a record deal for
Lorenz,[1] whose debut album Carey later co-produced.[24] Because of
high ratings for the Unplugged television special, the concert's set
list was released on the EP MTV Unplugged, which Entertainment Weekly
called "the strongest, most genuinely musical record she has ever made
[...] Did this live performance help her take her first steps toward
growing up?".[25]
1993–1996: Worldwide popularity
Carey and Tommy Mottola had become involved romantically during the
making of her debut album, and in June 1993, they were married.
Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds consulted on the album Music Box, which was
released later that year and became Carey's most successful worldwide.
It yielded her first UK Singles Chart number-one,[26] a cover of
Badfinger's "Without You", and the U.S. number-ones "Dreamlover" and
"Hero". Billboard magazine proclaimed it "heart-piercing [...] easily
the most elemental of Carey's releases, her vocal eurythmics in natural
sync with the songs",[27] but TIME magazine lamented Carey's attempt at
a mellower work, "[Music Box] seems perfunctory and almost passionless
[...] Carey could be a pop-soul great; instead she has once again
settled for Salieri-like mediocrity."[28] In response to such comments,
Carey said, "As soon as you have a big success, a lot of people don't
like that. There's nothing I can do about it. All I can do is make music
I believe in."[29] Most critics slighted the opening of her subsequent
U.S. Music Box Tour.[30]
In late 1994, after her duet with Luther Vandross on a cover of Lionel
Richie and Diana Ross's "Endless Love" became a hit, Carey released the
holiday album Merry Christmas. It contained cover material and original
compositions such as "All I Want for Christmas Is You," which became
Carey's biggest single in Japan[31] and, in subsequent years, emerged as
one of her most perennially popular songs on U.S. radio.[32] Critical
reception of Merry Christmas was mixed, with Allmusic calling it an
"otherwise vanilla set [...] pretensions to high opera on 'O Holy Night'
and a horrid danceclub take on 'Joy to the World'."[33] It became the
most successful Christmas album of all time.[34]
In 1995, Columbia released Carey's fifth album, Daydream, which combined
the pop sensibilities of Music Box with downbeat R&B and hip hop
influences. A remix of "Fantasy," its first single, featured rapper Ol'
Dirty Bastard. Carey said that Columbia reacted negatively to her
intentions for the album: "Everybody was like 'What, are you crazy?'.
They're very nervous about breaking the formula."[35] It became her
biggest-selling album in the U.S., and its singles achieved similar
success—"Fantasy" became the second single to debut at number one in the
U.S. and topped the Canadian Singles Chart for twelve weeks; "One Sweet
Day" (a duet with Boyz II Men) spent a record-holding sixteen weeks at
number one in the U.S.; and "Always Be My Baby" (co-produced by Jermaine
Dupri) was the most successful record on U.S. radio in 1996, according
to Billboard magazine. Daydream generated career-best reviews for
Carey,[36] and publications such as The New York Times named it one of
1995's best albums; the Times wrote that its "best cuts bring pop
candy-making to a new peak of textural refinement [...] Carey's
songwriting has taken a leap forward, becoming more relaxed, sexier and
less reliant on thudding clichés."[37] The short but profitable Daydream
World Tour augmented sales of the album, which received six Grammy Award
nominations.
1997–2000: New image and independence
Carey and Mottola officially separated in 1997. Although the public
image of the marriage was a happy one, she said that in reality she had
felt trapped by her relationship with Mottola, whom she often described
as controlling.[38] They officially announced their separation in 1997,
and their divorce became final the following year. Soon after the
separation, Carey hired an independent publicist and a new attorney and
manager. She continued to write and produce for other artists during
this period, contributing to the debut albums of Allure and 7 Mile
through her short-lived imprint Crave Records.
Carey's next album, Butterfly (1997), yielded the number-one single
"Honey," the lyrics and music video for which presented a more overtly
sexual image of her than had been previously seen.[39] She stated that
Butterfly marked the point when she attained full creative control over
her music.[40] However, she added, "I don't think it's that much of a
departure from what I've done in the past [...] It's not like I went
psycho and thought I was going to be a rapper. Personally, this album is
about doing whatever the hell I wanted to do."[41] Reviews were
generally positive: LAUNCHcast said Butterfly "pushes the envelope," a
move its critic thought "may prove disconcerting to more conservative
fans" but praised as "a welcome change."[42] The Los Angeles Times
wrote, "[Butterfly] is easily the most personal, confessional-sounding
record she's ever done [...] Carey-bashing just might become a thing of
the past."[43] The album was a commercial success—although not to the
degree of her previous three albums—and "My All" (her thirteenth Hot 100
number-one) gave her the record for the most U.S. number-ones by a
female artist.
Toward the turn of the millennium, Carey was developing the film project
Glitter and wrote songs for the films Men in Black (1997) and How the
Grinch Stole Christmas (2000). During the production of Butterfly, Carey
became romantically involved with New York Yankees baseball star Derek
Jeter. Their relationship ended in 1998, with both parties citing media
interference as the main reason for the split.[44] The same year,
Columbia released the album #1's, a collection of Carey's U.S.
number-one singles alongside new material, which she said was a way of
rewarding her fans.[45] The song "When You Believe," a duet with Whitney
Houston, was recorded for the soundtrack of The Prince of Egypt (1998)
and won an Academy Award. #1's sold above expectations, but a review in
NME labeled Carey "a purveyor of saccharine bilge like 'Hero', whose
message seems wholesome enough: that if you vacate your mind of all
intelligent thought, flutter your eyelashes and wish hard, sweet babies
and honey will follow."[46] Also that year, she appeared on the first
televised VH1 Divas benefit concert program, although her alleged prima
donna behavior had already led many to consider her a diva.[47] By the
following year, she had entered a relationship with singer Luis Miguel.
Rainbow, Carey's seventh studio album, was released in 1999 and
comprised more R&B/hip hop–oriented songs, many of them co-created with
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.[48] "Heartbreaker" and "Thank God I Found
You" (the former featuring Jay-Z, the latter featuring Joe and boy band
98 Degrees) reached number one in the U.S.,[48] and the success of the
former made Carey the only act to have a number-one single in each year
of the 1990s. A cover of Phil Collins's "Against All Odds (Take a Look
at Me Now)" went to number one in the UK after Carey re-recorded it with
boy band Westlife. Media reception of Rainbow was generally
enthusiastic, with the Sunday Herald saying the album "sees her
impressively tottering between soul ballads and collaborations with R&B
heavyweights like Snoop Doggy Dogg, Usher [...] It's a polished
collection of pop-soul."[49] VIBE magazine expressed similar sentiments,
writing, "She pulls out all stops [...] Rainbow will garner even more
adoration"[50] but it became Carey's lowest-selling album up to that
point,[40] and there was a recurring criticism that the tracks were too
alike. When the double A-side "Crybaby" (featuring Snoop Dogg)/"Can't
Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" became her first single to peak outside
the U.S. top twenty, Carey accused Sony of under promoting it: "The
political situation in my professional career is not positive [...] I'm
getting a lot of negative feedback from certain corporate people," she
wrote on her official website.[51]
2001–2004: Personal and professional struggles
After receiving Billboard's Artist of the Decade Award and the World
Music Award for Best-Selling Female Artist of the Millennium,[6] Carey
parted from Columbia and signed a contract with EMI's Virgin Records
worth a reported US$80 million.[5] She often stated that Columbia had
regarded her as a commodity, with her separation from Mottola
exacerbating her relations with label executives. Just a few months
later, in July 2001, it was widely reported that Carey had suffered a
physical and emotional breakdown. She had left messages on her website
complaining of being overworked,[52] and her relationship with Luis
Miguel was ending.[53] In an interview the following year, she said, "I
was with people who didn't really know me, and I had no personal
assistant. I'd be doing interviews all day long, getting two hours of
sleep a night, if that."[54] During an appearance on MTV's Total Request
Live, Carey handed out popsicles to the audience and began what was
later described as a "strip tease".[55] By the month's end, she had
checked into a hospital, and her publicist announced that Carey was
taking a break from public appearances.[56]
Critics panned Glitter, Carey's much delayed semi-autobiographical film,
and it was a box office failure.[13] The accompanying soundtrack album,
Glitter, was inspired by the music of the 1980s and featured
collaborations with Rick James and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis; it
generated Carey's worst showing on the U.S. chart. The St. Louis
Post-Dispatch dismissed it as "an absolute mess that'll go down as an
annoying blemish on a career that, while not always critically heralded,
was at least nearly consistently successful",[57] while Blender magazine
opined, "After years of trading her signature flourishes for a
radio-ready purr, Carey's left with almost no presence at all."[58] The
lead single, "Loverboy" (featuring Cameo), reached number two on the Hot
100 due to the release of the physical single,[56] but the album's
follow-up singles failed to chart; however, a live rendition/medley of
the single, "Never Too Far" made its way to #81.
Later in the year, Columbia released the low-charting compilation album
Greatest Hits shortly after the failure of Glitter, and in early 2002,
Virgin bought out Carey's contract for $28 million,[5] creating further
negative publicity. Carey later said her time at Virgin was "a complete
and total stress-fest [...] I made a total snap decision which was based
on money, and I never make decisions based on money. I learned a big
lesson from that."[59] Later that year, she signed a contract with
Island Records, valued at more than 22 million.[60] and launched the
record label MonarC. To add further to Carey's emotional burdens, her
father, with whom she had little contact since childhood, died of cancer
that year.[61]
Following a well-received supporting role in the 2002 film WiseGirls,
Carey released the album Charmbracelet, which she said marked "a new
lease on life" for her.[54] Sales of Charmbracelet were moderate, and
the quality of Carey's vocals came under severe criticism. The Boston
Globe declared the album "the worst of her career, revealing a voice no
longer capable of either gravity-defying gymnastics or soft coos",[62]
and Rolling Stone commented, "Carey needs bold songs that help her use
the power and range for which she is famous. Charmbracelet is like a
stream of watercolors that bleed into a puddle of brown."[63] The
album's only charting single in America, "Through the Rain", was a
failure on pop radio, which had become less open to maturing "diva"
stylists such as Celine Dion, or Carey herself in favor of younger
singers such as Kelly Clarkson or Christina Aguilera, who had vocal
styles very similar to Carey's.[54]
"I Know What You Want", a 2003 Busta Rhymes single on which Carey guest
starred, fared considerably better and reached the U.S. top five; it was
also included a Columbia's release of The Remixes, a compilation of
Carey's best remixes and some new tracks. That year, she embarked on the
Charmbracelet World Tour and was awarded the Chopard Diamond award for
selling over 100 million albums worldwide.[64] She was featured on
rapper Jadakiss's 2004 single "U Make Me Wanna", which reached the top
ten on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop chart.
2005-present: Return to prominence
Carey's tenth studio album, The Emancipation of Mimi (2005), contained
contributions from producers such as The Neptunes, Kanye West and
Carey's longtime collaborator, Jermaine Dupri. Carey said it was "very
much like a party record [...] the process of putting on makeup and
getting ready to go out [...] I wanted to make a record that was
reflective of that."[65]; The Emancipation of Mimi became 2005's
best-selling album in the U.S., and The Guardian reviewer defined it as
"cool, focused and urban [... some of] the first Mariah Carey tunes in
years I wouldn't have to be paid to listen to again".[66] The album
earned Carey a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album, and the
single "We Belong Together" won Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and
Best R&B Song. "We Belong Together" held the Hot 100's number-one
position for fourteen weeks, her longest run at the top as a solo lead
artist. Subsequently, the single "Shake It Off" reached number two for a
week, making Carey the first female lead vocalist to have simultaneously
held the Hot 100's top two positions (While topping the charts in 2002,
Ashanti was the "featured" singer on the #2 single.)[67][68][69][70][71]
Carey began a concert tour in mid-2006, called The Adventures of Mimi
Tour, which was the most successful tour of her career, although some
dates had to be canceled.[72] In separate appearances on 106 & Park and
TRL Carey announced plans to go back on tour in November or December of
2008.[73] She appeared on the cover of the March 2007 edition of Playboy
magazine on a non-nude photo session.[74] In early 2007, she was
featured with Bow Wow on the Bone Thugs-n-Harmony single "Lil' L.O.V.E.".
Later in the year, Carey received a "recording star" on the Hollywood
Walk of Fame.[75]
By spring 2007, she had begun working on her eleventh studio album,
E=MC².[76] Asked about the album title and its meaning, Carey said
"Einstein’s theory? Physics? Me? Hello! [...] Of course I’m poking fun."
She characterized the project as "Emancipation of Mimi to the second
power", saying she was "freer on this album than" any other. Like her
previous one, this album mainly concentrates on pop and R&B, but also
borrows hip hop, gospel and even reggae ("Cruise Control")
elements.[77][78] Although E=MC² was well received by most critics,[79]
some of them criticized it for being "a clone of The Emancipation of
Mimi".[80] Bleu Magazine's critic said that the "facsimiles aren't
terrible, they're just boring and forgettable at this point".[81] Two
weeks before the album's release, on April 2, 2008, "Touch My Body", her
first single from the album, became Carey's eighteenth number-one single
on the Hot 100, pushing her past Elvis Presley into second place for the
most number-one singles among all artists in the rock era, according to
Billboard magazine's revised methodology.[82][83][84] Carey is now
second only to The Beatles who have twenty number-one singles.[85]
Carey's singles have, collectively, topped the charts for seventy-nine
weeks, which places her just behind Presley, who topped the combined
charts for eighty weeks.[86] Carey has also had notable success on
international charts, though not to the same degree as in the United
States. Thus far, she has had two number-one singles in Britain, two in
Australia, and six in Canada. Her highest-charting single in Japan
peaked at number two.[87][88][89]
On April 30, 2008, Carey married actor Nick Cannon, at Carey's private
estate on Windermere Island in the Bahamas.[90][91][92] Confirming
rumors of the marriage, Carey stated that she felt the pair were "soulmates".[93]
Carey was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame on October
30, 2008 at the Garden City Hotel in Garden City, New York.[94][95]
Carey performed "Hero" at the Neighborhood Inaugural Ball after Barack
Obama was sworn in as the first African-American president in history on
January 20, 2009.[96] In early 2009, singer/songwriter The-Dream stated
that he and Carey had already begun working on her next studio album.
According to The-Dreams' information on album, the working title is
MC3.[97] The-Dream revealed, “I think it’s about just writing an album
that includes the focus of all the hits that she’s had. …She can’t take
a loss; she has to do everything to the T”. “So it’s basically like
we’re trying to make a greatest hits album without using the greatest
hits.” The second single from The-Dream's sophmore album Love vs. Money
will be called "My Love" featuring Carey and will be directed by Carey's
husband, Nick Cannon.[98]
Acting career
Carey began to take professional acting lessons in 1997, and in the
coming year, she was auditioning for film roles. She made her debut as
an opera singer in the romantic comedy The Bachelor (1999), starring
Chris O'Donnell and Renée Zellweger. CNN referred derisively to her
casting as a talentless diva as "letter-perfect [...] the "can't act"
part informs Carey's entire performance".[99]
Carey's first starring role was in Glitter (2001), in which she played a
struggling musician in the 1980s who breaks into the music industry
after meeting a disc jockey (Max Beesley). Though Roger Ebert said "[Carey]'s
acting ranges from dutiful flirtatiousness to intense sincerity",[100]
most critics panned it: Halliwell's Film Guide called it a "vapid star
vehicle for a pop singer with no visible acting ability",[101] and The
Village Voice observed: "When [Carey] tries for an emotion — any emotion
— she looks as if she's lost her car keys."[102] Glitter was a box
office failure, and Carey earned a Razzie Award for her role. She later
said that the film "started out as a concept with substance, but it
ended up being geared to 10-year-olds. It lost a lot of grit [...] I
kind of got in over my head."[54]
Carey, Mira Sorvino and Melora Walters co-starred as waitresses at a
mobster-operated restaurant in the independent film WiseGirls (2002),
which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival but went straight to cable
in the U.S. Critics commended Carey for her efforts — The Hollywood
Reporter predicted, "Those scathing notices for Glitter will be a
forgotten memory for the singer once people warm up to Raychel",[103]
and Roger Friedman, referring to her as "a Thelma Ritter for the new
millennium", said, "Her line delivery is sharp and she manages to get
the right laughs".[104] WiseGirls producer Anthony Esposito cast Carey
in The Sweet Science (2006), a film about an unknown female boxer
recruited by a boxing manager, but it never entered production.[105]
Carey was one of several musicians who appeared in the independently
produced Damon Dash films Death of a Dynasty (2003) and State Property 2
(2005). Her television work has been limited to a January 2002 episode
of Ally McBeal. Carey had a cameo appearance in Adam Sandler's 2008 film
You Don't Mess with the Zohan, playing herself.[106][13]
In 2006, Carey joined the cast of the indie film Tennessee (2008),
taking the role of an aspiring singer who flees her controlling husband
and joins two brothers on a journey to find their long-lost father.[107]
The movie received mixed reviews, but most of them praising Carey's
performance as "understated and very effective."[108][109] In 2009, she
appeared as a social worker in Push: Based on a Novel by Sapphire, the
movie adaptation of the 1996 novel by Sapphire. The film was a huge
critical success and Carey got rave reviews: Variety described her
acting as "pitch-perfect".[110]
Artistry
Carey has said that from childhood she was influenced by R&B and soul
musicians such as Billie Holiday, Sarah Vaughan, Gladys Knight, Aretha
Franklin, Al Green and Stevie Wonder. Her music contains strong
influences of gospel music, and her favorite gospel singers include The
Clark Sisters, Shirley Caesar and Edwin Hawkins.[111] When Carey
incorporated hip hop into her sound, speculation arose that she was
making an attempt to take advantage of the genre's popularity, but she
told Newsweek, "People just don't understand. I grew up with this
music".[112] She has expressed appreciation for rappers such as The
Sugarhill Gang, Eric B. & Rakim, the Wu-Tang Clan, The Notorious B.I.G.
and Mobb Deep,[17] with whom she collaborated on the single "The Roof
(Back in Time)" (1998).
During Carey's career, her vocal and musical style, along with her level
of success, has been compared to Whitney Houston and Celine Dion. Carey
and her peers, according to Garry Mulholland, are "the princesses of
wails [...] virtuoso vocalists who blend chart-oriented pop with mature
MOR torch song".[113] In She Bop II: The Definitive History of Women in
Rock, Pop and Soul (2002), writer Lucy O'Brien attributed the comeback
of Barbra Streisand's "old-fashioned showgirl" to Carey and Dion, and
described them and Houston as "groomed, airbrushed and overblown to
perfection".[114] Carey's musical transition and use of more revealing
clothing during the late 1990s were, in part, initiated to distance
herself from this image, and she subsequently said that most of her
early work was "schmaltzy MOR".[114] Some have noted that unlike Houston
and Dion, Carey co-writes her own songs, and the Guinness Rockopedia
(1998) classified her as the "songbird supreme".[115]
Despite the fact that Carey is often credited with co-writing her
material, she has also been accused of plagiarism on several occasions.
Many of these cases were eventually settled out of court.[116][117][118]
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Voice
Although she self-identifies as "an alto with a five-octave range,"[2]
Carey has "a range wide enough to cover all the octaves between an alto
and a soprano, which many other mezzo sopranos can also achieve, and the
agility to move between those roles with swiftness and
aplomb",[119][120] and her vocal trademark is her ability to sing in the
whistle register.[121] She has cited Minnie Riperton as the greatest
influence on her singing technique[122] and from a very early age, she
attempted to emulate Riperton's high notes, to increasing degrees of
success as her vocal range expanded. At one point, The Guinness Book of
Records recorded that there was no other singer who could hold a higher
note than Carey.[13] In 2003, her voice was ranked first in MTV and
Blender magazine's countdown of the 22 Greatest Voices in Music, as
voted by fans and readers in an online poll. Carey said of the poll,
"What it really means is voice of the MTV generation. Of course, it's an
enormous compliment, but I don't feel that way about myself."[123]
Themes and musical style
Love is the subject of the majority of Carey's lyrics, although she has
written about themes such as racism, social alienation, death, world
hunger, and spirituality. She has said that much of her work is partly
autobiographical, but TIME magazine wrote: "If only Mariah Carey's music
had the drama of her life. Her songs are often sugary and
artificial—NutraSweet soul. But her life has passion and conflict."[124]
The Village Voice wrote in 2001 that, in that respect, Carey compared
unfavorably with singers such as Mary J. Blige, saying "Carey's
Strawberry Shortcake soul still provides the template with which
teen-pop cuties draw curlicues around those centerless [Diane] Warren
ballads [...] it's largely because of [Blige] that the new r&b demands a
greater range of emotional expression, smarter poetry, more from-the-gut
testifying, and less unnecessary notes than the squeaky-clean and just
plain squeaky Mariah era. Nowadays it's the Christina Aguileras and
Jessica Simpsons who awkwardly oversing, while the women with
roof-raising lung power keep it in check when tune or lyric
demands."[125]
Carey's output makes use of electronic instruments such as drum
machines, keyboards and synthesizers. Many of her songs contain piano
music, and she was given piano lessons when she was six years old. Carey
said that she cannot read sheet music and prefers to collaborate with a
pianist when composing her material, but feels that it is easier to
experiment with faster and less conventional melodies and chord
progressions using this technique. Some of her arrangements have been
inspired by the work of musicians such as Stevie Wonder, a soul pianist
to whom Carey once referred as "the genius of the [twentieth]
century",[17] but she has said, "My voice is my instrument; it always
has been."[126]
Carey began commissioning remixes of her material early in her career
and helped to spearhead the practice of recording entirely new vocals
for remixes.[127] Disc jockey David Morales has collaborated with Carey
several times, starting with "Dreamlover" (1993), which popularized the
tradition of remixing pop songs into house records, and which Slant
magazine named one of the greatest dance songs of all time.[128] From
"Fantasy" (1995) onward, Carey enlisted both hip hop and house producers
to re-imagine her album compositions. Entertainment Weekly included two
remixes of "Fantasy" on a list of Carey's greatest recordings compiled
in 2005:[129] a National Dance Music Award-winning remix produced by
Morales, and a Sean Combs production featuring rapper Ol' Dirty Bastard.
The latter has been credited with popularizing the pop/hip hop
collaboration trend that has continued into the 2000s through artists
such as Ashanti and Beyoncé.[130][127] Combs said that Carey "knows the
importance of mixes, so you feel like you're with an artist who
appreciates your work—an artist who wants to come up with something with
you".[17] She continues to consult on remixes by producers such as
Morales, Jermaine Dupri, Junior Vasquez and DJ Clue, and guest
performers contribute frequently to them. The popularity in U.S.
nightclubs of the dance remixes, which often sound radically different
from their album counterparts, has been known to eclipse the mainstream
chart success of the original songs.
Philanthropy and other activities
Carey is a philanthropist who has donated time and money to
organizations such as the Fresh Air Fund. She became associated with the
Fund in the early 1990s, and is the co-founder of a camp located in
Fishkill, New York, that enables inner-city youth to embrace the arts
and introduces them to career opportunities. The camp was called Camp
Mariah "for her generous support and dedication to Fresh Air
children",[131] and she received a Congressional Horizon Award for her
youth-related charity work.[132] She is well-known nationally for her
work with the Make-a-Wish Foundation in granting the wishes of children
with life-threatening illnesses, and in November 2006 she was awarded
the Foundation's Wish Idol for her "extraordinary generosity and her
many wish granting achievements".[133] Carey has volunteered for the New
York City Police Athletic League and contributed to the obstetrics
department of New York Presbyterian Hospital Cornell Medical Center. A
percentage of the sales of MTV Unplugged was donated to various other
charities. In 2008, Carey was named Hunger Ambassador of the World
Hunger Relief Movement. She is giving a free download of her song, "Love
Story", to customers who donate to the organization at participating
restaurants.[134]
One of Carey's most high-profile benefit concert appearances was on
VH1's 1998 Divas Live special, during which she performed alongside
other female singers in support of the Save the Music Foundation. The
concert was a ratings success, and Carey participated in the 2000
special. In 2007, the Save the Music Foundation honored Carey at their
tenth gala event for her support towards the foundation since its
inception.[135] She appeared at the America: A Tribute to Heroes
nationally televised fundraiser in the aftermath of the September 11
attacks, and in December 2001, she performed before peacekeeping troops
in Kosovo. Carey hosted the CBS television special At Home for the
Holidays, which documented real-life stories of adopted children and
foster families,[136] and she has worked with the New York City
Administration for Children's Services. In 2005, Carey performed for
Live 8 in London and at the Hurricane Katrina relief telethon "Shelter
from the Storm". In August 2008, Carey and other singers recorded the
charity single, "Just Stand Up" produced by Babyface and L. A. Reid, to
support "Stand Up to Cancer". On September 5, the singers performed it
live on TV.[137]
Declining offers to appear in commercials in the United States during
her early career, Carey was not involved in brand marketing initiatives
until 2006, when she participated in endorsements for Intel Centrino
personal computers and launched a jewelry and accessories line for
teenagers, Glamorized, in American Claire's and Icing stores.[138][139]
During this period, as part of a partnership with Pepsi and Motorola,
Carey recorded and promoted a series of exclusive ringtones, including
"Time of Your Life".[140] She signed a licensing deal with the cosmetics
company Elizabeth Arden, and in 2007, she released her own fragrance,
"M".[141][142] According to Forbes, Carey was the sixth richest woman in
entertainment as of January 2007[update], with an estimated net worth of
US $225 million.[143]
Carey directed or co-directed several of the music videos for her
singles during the 1990s. Slant magazine named the video for "The Roof
(Back in Time)", which Carey co-directed with Diane Martel, one of the
twenty greatest music videos of all time.[144] In 2008, Carey made
Time's annual list of 100 most Influential people.[145][146][147]
Discography
Main article: Mariah Carey discography
Studio albums
1990: Mariah Carey
1991: Emotions
1993: Music Box
1994: Merry Christmas
1995: Daydream
1997: Butterfly
1999: Rainbow
2001: Glitter
2002: Charmbracelet
2005: The Emancipation of Mimi
2008: E=MC²
2009: MC3[98][148][149]
Other albums
1992: MTV Unplugged
1998: #1's
2000: Valentines
2001: Greatest Hits
2003: The Remixes
2008: The Ballads
Tours
Main article: List of Mariah Carey tours
1993: Music Box Tour
1996: Daydream World Tour
1998: Butterfly World Tour
2000: Rainbow World Tour
2003-2004: Charmbracelet World Tour
2006: The Adventures of Mimi Tour
Filmography
Year Film Role Notes and Awards
1999 The Bachelor Ilana
2001 Glitter Billie Frank Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Actress
2002 WiseGirls Raychel
2003 Death of a Dynasty Herself
2005 State Property 2 Dame's Wifey
2008 You Don't Mess with the Zohan Herself
2009 Tennessee Krystal To be released to select theaters in March,
2009.[150]
Push: Based on a Novel by Sapphire Mrs. Weiss no release date yet
TV
Year Film Role Notes and Awards
2002 Ally McBeal Candy Cushnip Episode "Playing with Matches"
2003 The Proud Family Herself Voice
****
Notes
1. ^ a b c Ankeny, Jason (2008-04-15). "Mariah Carey > Biography".
AllMusic.com. http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hvfpxqq5ld0e~T1.
Retrieved on 2008-07-05.
2. ^ a b "Vision of Loneliness" Entertainment Weekly. September 25, 2008
3. ^ Shapiro, Marc. Mariah Carey (2001). pg. 145. UK: ECW Press, Canada.
ISBN 1-55022-444-1.
4. ^ Lamb, Bill. "Mariah Carey- Comeback of the Year". About.com. June
4, 2005. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
5. ^ a b c Anderman, Joan. "Cary's On". The Boston Globe. February 5,
2006. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
6. ^ a b "Winners of the World Music Awards". World Music Awards. May
2000. Retrieved November 19, 2006 from the Wayback Machine; "Michael
Jackson And Mariah Carey Named Best-Selling Artists Of Millennium At
World Music Awards In Monaco". Jet. May 29, 2000. Retrieved November 19,
2006.
7. ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio. Mariah, Madonna Make Billboard Chart History.
Billboard. April 2, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2008
8. ^ "Gold and Platinum - Top Selling Artists". Recording Industry
Association of America
9. ^ http://www.sonymusic.com/artists/MariahCarey/
10. ^ Shapiro, pg. 16.
11. ^ "Mulatto - An Invisible American Identity".
racerelations.about.com. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
12. ^ Shapiro, pg. 19-20.
13. ^ a b c d Patterson, Sylvia. Mariah Carey: Come in and smell the
perfume. The Daily Telegraph. March 17, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
14. ^ Shapiro, pg. 18–19.
15. ^ Shapiro, pg. 31.
16. ^ Handelman, David. "Miss Mariah." Cosmopolitan. December 1997.
17. ^ a b c d Gardner, Elysa. "Cinderella Story." VIBE. April 1996.
18. ^ Shapiro, pg. 47, 60.
19. ^ "Mariah Carey > Charts & Awards (Grammy Awards)". AllMusic.com.
http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hvfpxqq5ld0e~T52. Retrieved
on 2008-07-05.
20. ^ Evans, Paul. The Rolling Stone Album Guide (1992). pg. 110–111.
UK: Virgin Books. ISBN 0-86369-643-0.
21. ^ Shapiro, pg. 62.
22. ^ Kaufman, Gil. "20 Things You Didn't Know About Mariah Carey". VH1.
March 12, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
23. ^ Shapiro, pg. 69.
24. ^ "Trey Lorenz > Credits". AllMusic.com. http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:0cfixqy5ldde~T2.
Retrieved on 2008-07-05.
25. ^ Sandow, Greg. "MTV Unplugged EP". Entertainment Weekly. June 19,
1992.
26. ^ "The UK Number Ones : Double Tops". A Half Century of British
Number Ones. http://www.onlineweb.com/theones/auxiliary_pages/double_top.htm.
Retrieved January 2, 2008.
27. ^ White, Timothy. "Mariah Carey's stirring 'Music Box'". Billboard.
New York: pg. 5, August 28, 1993, Vol. 105, Iss. 35.
28. ^ Farley, Christopher John. "Hurray! a B Minus!". TIME. September 6,
1993. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
29. ^ Shapiro, pg. 78.
30. ^ Shapiro, pg. 84.
31. ^ "Single Sales Ranking (Mariah Carey)" (in Japanese). oricon.
http://www.oricon.co.jp/artists/s/163336/. Retrieved on 2008-11-02.
32. ^ "Mariah Carey – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved September
19, 2006.
33. ^ Parisien, Roch. "Merry Christmas - Review". Allmusic. Retrieved
March 17, 2006.
34. ^ Healey, Mitchell. "Carey On." V. January 20, 2006.
35. ^ Shapiro, pg. 92.
36. ^ Shapiro, pg. 94–96.
37. ^ Holden, Stephen. "Mariah Carey Glides Into New Territory." The New
York Times. pg. 76, October 13, 1995.
38. ^ Shapiro, pg. 97‐98.
39. ^ Shapiro, pg. 101; Handelman.
40. ^ a b Mariah Carey's Biography. Fox News. March 24, 2008. Retrieved
April 1, 2008.
41. ^ Shapiro, pg. 101.
42. ^ Reynolds, J.R. "Album Review: Butterfly". Yahoo! Music. September
16, 1997. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
43. ^ Johnson, Connie. Los Angeles Times. pg. 58, September 14, 1997.
44. ^ Shapiro, pg. 112.
45. ^ Shapiro, pg. 116.
46. ^ "#1's". NME. Retrieved March 10, 2006.
47. ^ Haring, Bruce. "Mariah: I'm Not a Diva". Yahoo! Music. May 14,
1998. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
48. ^ a b Hitmaking Producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis Score 14th No. 1
Hit Song. Business Wire. August 31, 2000. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
49. ^ Virtue, Graham. "Rainbow, Mariah Carey." Sunday Herald, November
7, 1999.
50. ^ "Mariah Carey, Rainbow." VIBE. pg. 258, December 1999.
51. ^ Shapiro, pg. 134.
52. ^ Friedman, Roger. "Mariah Melts Down; Madonna Disappoints". Fox
News Channel. July 26, 2001. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
53. ^ Davies, Hugh. Let me sort myself out, singer Carey tells fans. The
Daily Telegraph. July 28, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
54. ^ a b c d Gardner, Elysa. "Mariah Carey, 'standing again'". USA
Today. November 28, 2002. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
55. ^ "Carey Shocked by MTV Striptease Fuss". The Internet Movie
Database. December 3, 2002. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
56. ^ a b Cook, Shanon. "Mariah before breakdown - 'It all seems like
one continuous day'". CNN. August 14, 2001. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
57. ^ Johnson, Kevin C. "Mariah Carey's New "Glitter" Is a Far Cry from
Golden". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. pg. F.5, September 16, 2001 [FIVE STAR
LIFT Edition].
58. ^ "Glitter". Blender. pg. 118, August–September 2001.
59. ^ "The fall and rise of Mariah Carey". BBC.co.uk. February 8, 2006.
Retrieved March 12, 2006.
60. ^ Holson, Laura M. Mariah Carey And Universal Agree to Terms Of
Record Deal. The New York Times. May 9, 2002. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
61. ^ Rader, Dotson. "I Didn’t Feel Worthy Of Happiness". Parade. June
05, 2005. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
62. ^ Anderman, Joan. "For Carey, the Glory's Gone but the Glitter Lives
On". Boston Globe. pg. D.4, September 10, 2003 [THIRD Edition].
63. ^ Walters, Barry. "Charmbracelet". Rolling Stone. New York: pg. 93,
December 12, 2002, iss. 911.
64. ^ "Diamond Award". World Music Awards. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
65. ^ Ferber, Lawrence. "Mariah Carey: Free at last". HX. April 4, 2005.
66. ^ Sullivan, Caroline. "Mariah Carey, The Emancipation of Mimi". The
Guardian. April 1, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
67. ^ Bronson, Fred. Chart Beat. Billboard. April 20, 2002. Retrieved
July 19, 2008.
68. ^ Bronson, Fred; "The Billboard Book of Number One Hits", pg. 44
69. ^ Feldman, Christopher; "The Billboard Book of Number Two Hits"
70. ^ Jeckell, Barry A. "Mariah Matches Hot 100 Milestone". Billboard.
September 1, 2005. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
71. ^ Chart Beat. Billboard. September 1, 2005. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
72. ^ "Mariah Carey's Hong Kong Show Canceled". Washington Post. October
26, 2006. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
73. ^ http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591425/20080723/id_0.jhtml
74. ^ "Modest Mariah". New York Post. December 31, 2006. Retrieved
January 27, 2007.
75. ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame names 2007 honorees". Associated Press.
June 23, 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2006.
76. ^ "MARIAH CAREY ANNOUNCES NEW ALBUM E=MC2" MariahCarey.com.
Retrieved February 13, 2008.
77. ^ Swift, Jacqui. "My dog has a bigger ego". The Sun. April 10, 2008.
Retrieved July 19, 2008.
78. ^ "Mariah Carey's "E=MC2" offers genre-crossing equation" Reuters.
March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
79. ^ "The Emancipation Of Mimi Reviews". Metacritic.com. Retrieved
April 10, 2008.
80. ^ Cromelin, Richard. CD:Mariah Carey's 'E=MC2'. LA Times. April 12,
2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
81. ^ Irby, Adam Benjamin. "Bleu Magazine review of E=MC²".
TheBleuMag.com. April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
82. ^ Bronson, Fred. "Chart Beat Chat". Billboard. December 22, 2005.
Retrieved March 17, 2006.
83. ^ Mariah Carey surpasses Elvis in No. 1s. MSNBC. April 2, 2008.
Retrieved April 2, 2008.
84. ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio. Mariah, Madonna eclipse Elvis in Billboard
charts. Reuters. April 2, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
85. ^ Bronson, Fred. Mariah Closing In On Record For No. 1 Hits.
Billboard. March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
86. ^ [Whitburn, Joel, Top Pop Singles 1955-2006, pg. 1139]
87. ^ http://www.onlineweb.com/theones/
88. ^ http://www.onmc.iinet.net.au/trivia/aus_list.htm
89. ^ [1]
90. ^ Dubin, Danielle (2008-05-02). "Nick Cannon Relative Confirms He
Married Mariah". people.com. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20197441,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines.
Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
91. ^ "Nick Cannon's Family Confirms He's Wed Mariah Carey".
usmagazine.com. 2008-05-02. http://www.usmagazine.com/nick-cannons-family-confirms-mariah-carey-wedding.
Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
92. ^ "Mariah Carey reportedly Married in Bahamas". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24413267/.
Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
93. ^ Liz McNeil. EXCLUSIVE: See Mariah & Nick's Wedding Photo!. People.
May 7, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
94. ^ [2]
95. ^ [3]
96. ^ http://omg.yahoo.com/news/access-exclusive-mariah-carey-to-sing-hero-for-obama/17747
97. ^ http://www.youtube.com/user/skeetv
98. ^ a b "Mariah Carey Works With Husband". MTV UK. http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/472319-mariah-carey-works-with-nick-cannon.
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99. ^ Tatara, Paul. "Review: 'The Bachelor' -- cold feet, bad film".
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101. ^ Walker, John. Halliwell's Film Guide 2004: 19th Edition (2003).
pg. 338. UK: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-06-055408-8.
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September 26 — October 2, 2001. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
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105. ^ Moss, Corey. "Despite 'Glitter,' Mariah Carey's Movie Career
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107. ^ "Tennesse Official Site". Retrieved December 26, 2008.
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109. ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/filmNews/idUSN0154359820080501
110. ^ http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2471&reviewid=VE1117939367&cs=1
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113. ^ Mulholland, Garry. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (2003).
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114. ^ a b O'Brien, Lucy. She Bop II: The Definitive History of Women in
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115. ^ Guinness Rockopedia (1998). pg. 74. UK: Guinness Publishing Ltd.
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122. ^ "Higher and Higher"
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149. ^ Musique.evous
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