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Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional
character in the animated television series The Simpsons and the patriarch of
the eponymous family. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on
television, along with the rest of his family, in The Tracey Ullman Show short
"Good Night" on April 19, 1987. Homer was created and designed by cartoonist
Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office.
Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip
Life in Hell but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the
character after his father, Homer Groening. After appearing for three seasons on
The Tracey Ullman Show, the Simpson family got their own series on Fox that
debuted December 17, 1989.
Homer and his wife Marge have three
children: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. As the family's provider, he works at the
Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Homer embodies several American working class
stereotypes: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy, lazy and ignorant;
however, he is essentially a decent man and fiercely devoted to his family.
Despite the suburban blue-collar routine of his life, he has had a number of
remarkable experiences.
In the shorts and earlier episodes,
Castellaneta voiced Homer with a loose impression of Walter Matthau; however,
during the second and third seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice evolved
to become more robust, to allow the expression of a fuller range of emotions. He
has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons – including video games,
The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials and comic books – and
inspired an entire line of merchandise. His catchphrase, the annoyed grunt "D'oh!",
has been included in The New Oxford Dictionary of English since 1998 and the
Oxford English Dictionary since 2001.
Homer is one of the most
influential fictional characters on television, having been described by the
British newspaper The Sunday Times as "the greatest comic creation of [modern]
time". He was named the greatest fictional character "of the last 20 years" in
2010 by Entertainment Weekly, was ranked the second greatest cartoon character
by TV Guide, behind Bugs Bunny, and was voted the greatest television character
of all time by Channel 4 viewers. For voicing Homer, Castellaneta has won four
Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and a
special-achievement Annie Award. In 2000, Homer and his family were awarded a
star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
****
Background Information
Homer Jay Simpson
Gender Male
Job Safety Inspector at the
Springfield Nuclear Power Plant
Relatives Wife: Marge
Children: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie
Parents: Abraham and Mona
Half-brother: Herb Powell
(see also: Simpson family)
Voice actor Dan Castellaneta
First appearance
Ullman shorts "Good Night" (1987)
The Simpsons "Simpsons Roasting on
an Open Fire" (1989)
****
Role in The Simpsons
Homer Simpson is the bumbling
husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.[1] He is the son
of Mona and Abraham Simpson. Homer has held over 188 different jobs in the first
400 episodes of The Simpsons.[2] In most episodes, he works as the Nuclear
Safety Inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position he has held
since "Homer's Odyssey", the third episode of the series.[3] At the plant, Homer
is often ignored and completely forgotten by his boss Mr. Burns, and constantly
falls asleep and neglects his duties. Matt Groening has stated that he decided
to have Homer work at the power plant because of the potential for Homer to
create havoc.[4] Each of his other jobs has lasted only one episode. In the
first half of the series, the writers developed an explanation about how he got
fired from the plant and was then rehired in every episode. In later episodes,
he often began a new job on impulse, without any mention of his regular
employment.[5]
The Simpsons uses a floating
timeline in which the characters do not physically age, and, as such, the show
is generally assumed to be set in the current year. Nevertheless, in several
episodes, events in Homer's life have been linked to specific time periods.[1]
"Mother Simpson" (season seven, 1995) depicts Homer's mother, Mona, as a radical
who went into hiding in the mid-1960s following a run-in with the law;[6] "The
Way We Was" (season two, 1991) shows Homer falling in love with Marge Bouvier as
a senior at Springfield High School in the 1970s;[7] and "I Married Marge"
(season three, 1991) implies that Marge became pregnant with Bart in 1980.[8]
However, the episode "That '90s Show" (season 19, 2008) contradicted much of
this backstory, portraying Homer and Marge as a childless couple in the early
1990s.[9]
Homer's age has changed as the
series developed; he was 36 in the early episodes,[10] 38 and 39 in season
eight,[11] and 40 in the eighteenth season,[12] although even in those seasons
his age is inconsistent.[1] During Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein's period as
showrunners, they found that as they aged, Homer seemed to become older too, so
they increased his age to 38.[13]
Character
Creation
Matt Groening conceived Homer and
the rest of the Simpson family in 1986 in the lobby of producer James L. Brooks'
office. Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for The
Tracey Ullman Show, and had intended to present an adaptation of his Life in
Hell comic strip. When he realized that animating Life in Hell would require him
to rescind publication rights, Groening decided to go in another direction,[14]
and hurriedly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family, naming the
characters after members of his own family. Homer was named after Groening's
father.[14][15] Very little else of Homer's character was based on him, and to
prove that the meaning behind Homer's name was not significant, Groening later
named his own son Homer.[16][17] According to Groening, "Homer originated with
my goal to both amuse my real father, and just annoy him a little bit. My father
was an athletic, creative, intelligent filmmaker and writer, and the only thing
he had in common with Homer was a love of donuts"[18] Although Groening has
stated in several interviews that Homer's namesake is his father, he also
claimed in several 1990 interviews that a character in the 1939 Nathanael West
novel The Day of the Locust was the inspiration for naming Homer.[1][19][20]
Homer's middle initial "J", which stands for "Jay",[21] is a "tribute" to
animated characters such as Bullwinkle J. Moose and Rocket J. Squirrel from The
Rocky and Bullwinkle Show who got their middle initial from Jay Ward.[22][23]
Homer made his debut with the rest
of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987, in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good
Night".[24] In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour
series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Homer and the Simpson family
remained the main characters on this new show.[25]
Design
The entire Simpson family was
designed so that they would be recognizable in silhouette.[26] The family was
crudely drawn because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators,
assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his
drawings.[14] Homer's physical features are generally not used in other
characters; for example, in the later seasons, no characters other than Homer,
Lenny, and Krusty the Clown have a similar beard line.[27] When Groening
originally designed Homer, he put his initials into the character's hairline and
ear: the hairline resembled an 'M', and the right ear resembled a 'G'. Groening
decided that this would be too distracting and redesigned the ear to look
normal. However, he still draws the ear as a 'G' when he draws pictures of Homer
for fans.[28] The basic shape of Homer's head is described by director Mark
Kirkland as a tube-shaped coffee can with a salad bowl on top. Bart's head is
also coffee-can shaped, while spheres are used for Marge, Lisa, and Maggie.[29]
During the shorts, the animators experimented with the way Homer would move his
mouth when talking. At one point, his mouth would stretch out back "beyond his
beardline"; but this was dropped when it got "out of control."[30] In some early
episodes, Homer's hair was rounded rather than sharply pointed because animation
director Wes Archer felt it should look disheveled. Homer's hair evolved to be
consistently pointed.[31] During the first three seasons, Homer's design for
some close-up shots included small lines which were meant to be eyebrows. Matt
Groening strongly disliked them and they were eventually dropped.[31]
In the season seven (1995) episode
"Treehouse of Horror VI", Homer was computer animated into a three dimensional
character for the first time for the "Homer3" segment of the episode. The
computer animation directors at Pacific Data Images worked hard not to "reinvent
the character".[32] In the final minute of the segment, the 3D Homer ends up in
a real world, live-action Los Angeles. The scene was directed by David Mirkin
and was the first time a Simpsons character had been in the real world in the
series.[32] Because "Lisa's Wedding" (season six, 1995) is set fifteen years in
the future, Homer's design was altered to make him older in the episode. He is
heavier; one of the hairs on top of his head was removed; and an extra line was
placed under the eye. A similar design has been used in subsequent
flashforwards.[33]
Voice
Homer's voice is performed by Dan
Castellaneta, who voices numerous other characters, including Grampa Simpson,
Krusty the Clown, Barney Gumble, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby and Hans
Moleman. Castellaneta had been part of the regular cast of The Tracey Ullman
Show and had previously done some voice-over work in Chicago alongside his wife
Deb Lacusta. Voices were needed for the Simpsons shorts, so the producers
decided to ask Castellaneta and fellow cast member Julie Kavner to voice Homer
and Marge rather than hire more actors.[34][35] In the shorts and first few
seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice is different from the majority of
the series. The voice began as a loose impression of Walter Matthau, but
Castellaneta could not "get enough power behind that voice",[35] and could not
sustain his Matthau impression for the nine- to ten-hour-long recording sessions
and had to find something easier.[2] During the second and third seasons of the
half-hour show, Castellaneta "dropped the voice down"[34] and developed it as
more versatile and humorous, allowing Homer a fuller range of emotions.[36]
Castellaneta's normal speaking
voice has no similarity to Homer's.[37] To perform Homer's voice, Castellaneta
lowers his chin to his chest[35] and is said to "let his I.Q. go".[38] While in
this state, he has ad-libbed several of Homer's least intelligent comments,[38]
such as the line "I am so smart, s-m-r-t" from "Homer Goes to College" (season
five, 1993) which was a genuine mistake made by Castellaneta during
recording.[39] Castellaneta likes to stay in character during recording
sessions,[40] and he tries to visualize a scene so that he can give the proper
voice to it.[41] Despite Homer's fame, Castellaneta claims he is rarely
recognized in public, "except, maybe, by a die-hard fan".[40]
"Homer's Barbershop Quartet"
(season five, 1993) is the only episode where Homer's voice was provided by
someone other than Castellaneta. The episode features Homer forming a barbershop
quartet called The Be Sharps; and, at some points, his singing voice is provided
by a member of The Dapper Dans.[42] The Dapper Dans had recorded the singing
parts for all four members of The Be Sharps. Their singing was intermixed with
the normal voice actor's voices, often with a regular voice actor singing the
melody and the Dapper Dans providing backup.[43]
Until 1998, Castellaneta was paid
$30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the
six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of
new voices.[44] However, the dispute was soon resolved and he received $125,000
per episode until 2004 when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000
an episode.[44] The issue was resolved a month later,[45] and Castellaneta
earned $250,000 per episode.[46] After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice
actors receive approximately $400,000 per episode.[47]
Character development
Executive producer Al Jean notes
that in The Simpsons' writing room, "everyone loves writing for Homer", and many
of his adventures are based on experiences of the writers.[48] In the early
seasons of the show, Bart was the main focus. But, around the fourth season,
Homer became more of the focus. According to Matt Groening, this was because
"With Homer, there’s just a wider range of jokes you can do. And there are far
more drastic consequences to Homer’s stupidity. There’s only so far you can go
with a juvenile delinquent. We wanted Bart to do anything up to the point of him
being tried in court as an adult. But Homer is an adult, and his boneheaded-ness
is funnier. [...] Homer is launching himself headfirst into every single
impulsive thought that occurs to him."[18]
Homer's behavior has changed a
number of times through the run of the series. He was originally "very angry"
and oppressive toward Bart, but these characteristics were toned down somewhat
as his persona was further explored.[49] In early seasons, Homer appeared
concerned that his family was going to make him look bad; however, in later
episodes he was less anxious about how he was perceived by others.[50] In the
first several years, Homer was often portrayed as sweet and sincere, but during
Mike Scully's tenure as executive producer (seasons nine, 1997 to twelve, 2001),
he became more of "a boorish, self-aggrandizing oaf".[51] Chris Suellentrop of
Slate wrote, "under Scully's tenure, The Simpsons became, well, a cartoon. [...]
Episodes that once would have ended with Homer and Marge bicycling into the
sunset [...] now end with Homer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's
neck."[52] Fans have dubbed this incarnation of the character "Jerkass
Homer".[53][54][55] At voice recording sessions, Dan Castellaneta has rejected
material written in the script that portrayed Homer as being too mean. He
believes that Homer is "boorish and unthinking, but he'd never be mean on
purpose."[56] When editing The Simpsons Movie, several scenes were changed or
otherwise toned down to make Homer more sympathetic.[57]
The writers have made Homer's
intelligence appear to decline over the years; they explain this was not done
intentionally, but it was necessary to top previous jokes.[58] For example, in
"When You Dish Upon a Star", (season 10, 1998) the writers included a scene
where Homer admits that he cannot read. The writers debated including this plot
twist because it would contradict previous scenes in which Homer does read, but
eventually they decided to keep the joke because they found it humorous. The
writers often debate how far to go in portraying Homer's stupidity; one
suggested rule is that "he can never forget his own name".[59]
Personality
The comic efficacy of Homer's
personality lies in his frequent bouts of stupidity and laziness, and his
explosive anger. He has a low intelligence level and is described by director
David Silverman as "creatively brilliant in his stupidity".[60] Homer also shows
immense apathy towards work, is overweight, and "is devoted to his stomach".[60]
His short attention span is evidenced by his impulsive decisions to engage in
various hobbies and enterprises, only to "change ... his mind when things go
badly".[60] Homer often spends his evenings drinking Duff Beer at Moe's Tavern
and, as shown in the episode "Duffless" (season four, 1993), is a borderline
alcoholic.[61] He is very envious of his neighbors, Ned Flanders and his family,
and is easily enraged by Bart. Homer will often strangle Bart on impulse in a
cartoonish manner. The first instance of Homer strangling Bart was in the short
"Family Portrait". According to Matt Groening, the rule was that Homer could
only strangle Bart impulsively, never with pre-meditation,[62] because doing so
"seems sadistic. If we keep it that he’s ruled by his impulses, then he can
easily switch impulses. So, even though he impulsively wants to strangle Bart,
he also gives up fairly easily."[18] Another of the original ideas entertained
by Groening was that Homer would "always get his comeuppance or Bart had to
strangle him back", but this was dropped.[63] Homer shows no compunction about
expressing his rage, and does not attempt to hide his actions from people
outside the family.[60] While Homer has repeatedly upset people and caused all
sorts of mayhem in Springfield, these events usually result from a lack of
foresight or his intense temper, matched with his impulsivity, rather than any
malice. Except for expressing annoyance at Ned Flanders, Homer's destructive
actions are usually unintentional.
Homer has complex relationships
with all three of his children. He often berates Bart, but the two commonly
share adventures and are sometimes allies; some episodes, particularly in later
seasons, show that the pair have a strange respect for each other's cunning.
Homer and Lisa have opposite personalities and he usually overlooks Lisa's
talents, but when made aware of his neglect, does everything he can to help her.
While Homer's thoughtless antics often upset his family, he has also revealed
himself to be a caring father and husband: in "Lisa the Beauty Queen", (season
four, 1992) he sold his cherished ride on the Duff blimp and used the money to
enter Lisa in a beauty pageant so she could feel better about herself;[10] in
"Rosebud", (season five, 1993) he gave up his chance at wealth to allow Maggie
to keep a cherished teddy bear;[64] in "Radio Bart", (season three, 1992) he
spearheaded an attempt to dig Bart out after he had fallen down a well;[65] and
in "A Milhouse Divided", (season eight, 1996) he arranged a surprise second
wedding with Marge to make up for their unsatisfactory first ceremony.[66]
Homer, however, has a poor relationship with his father Abraham "Grampa"
Simpson, whom he placed in a nursing home as soon as he could.[67] The Simpson
family will often do their best to avoid unnecessary contact with Grampa, but
Homer has shown feelings of love for his father from time to time.[68]
Homer is "a (happy) slave to his
various appetites",[69] and would gladly sell his soul to the devil in exchange
for a single doughnut.[70] He has a vacuous mind but is still able to retain a
great amount of knowledge about very specific subjects. Homer's brief periods of
intelligence are overshadowed however by much longer and consistent periods of
ignorance, forgetfulness, and stupidity. Homer has a low IQ of 55 which has
variously been attributed to the hereditary "Simpson Gene" (which eventually
causes every male member of the family to become incredibly stupid),[71] his
alcohol problem, exposure to radioactive waste, repetitive cranial trauma,[72]
and a crayon lodged in the frontal lobe of his brain.[73] In the episode "HOMR"
(season 12, 2001) Homer gets surgery to remove the (newly discovered) crayon
from his brain, boosting his IQ to 105, but although he bonds very well with
Lisa, his newfound capacity for understanding and reason makes him less happy
and he gets Moe to reinsert a crayon, causing his intelligence to return to its
previous level.[73] Homer often debates with his own mind, which is expressed in
voiceover. His brain has a record of giving him dubious advice, sometimes
helping him make the right decisions, but often failing spectacularly. It has
even become completely frustrated and, through sound effects, walked out on
him,[74] Homer's conversations with his brain were used several times during the
fourth season, but were later phased out after the producers "used every
possible permutation".[75] These exchanges were often introduced because they
filled time and were easy for the animators to work on.[75]
Reception
Commendations
Homer's influence on comedy and
culture has been significant. In 2010, Entertainment Weekly named Homer "the
greatest character of the last 20 years."[76] He was placed second on TV Guide's
2002 Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters, behind Bugs Bunny;[77] fifth on Bravo's
100 Greatest TV Characters, one of only four cartoon characters on that
list;[78] and first in a Channel 4 poll of the greatest television characters of
all time.[79] In 2007, Entertainment Weekly placed Homer ninth on their list of
the "50 Greatest TV icons" and first on their 2010 list of the "Top 100
Characters of the Past Twenty Years".[80][81][82] Homer was also the runaway
winner in British polls that determined who viewers thought was the "greatest
American"[83] and which fictional character people would like to see become the
President of the United States.[84]
Dan Castellaneta has won several
awards for voicing Homer, including four Primetime Emmy Awards for "Outstanding
Voice-Over Performance" in 1992 for "Lisa's Pony", 1993 for "Mr. Plow",[85] in
2004 for "Today I Am a Clown",[86] and in 2009 for "Father Knows Worst".[87]
Although in the case of "Today I Am a Clown", it was for voicing "various
characters" and not solely for Homer.[86] In 2010, Castellaneta received a fifth
Emmy nomination for voicing Homer and Grampa in the episode "Thursdays with
Abie".[88] In 1993, Castellaneta was given a special Annie Award, "Outstanding
Individual Achievement in the Field of Animation", for his work as Homer on The
Simpsons.[89][90] In 2004, Castellaneta and Julie Kavner (the voice of Marge)
won a Young Artist Award for "Most Popular Mom & Dad in a TV Series".[91] In
2005, Homer and Marge were nominated for a Teen Choice Award for "Choice TV
Parental Units".[92] Various episodes in which Homer is strongly featured have
won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program, including "Homer vs. Lisa and
the 8th Commandment" in 1991, "Lisa's Wedding" in 1995, "Homer's Phobia" in
1997, "Trash of the Titans" in 1998, "HOMR" in 2001, "Three Gays of the Condo"
in 2003 and "Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind" in 2008.[85] In 2000, Homer
and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of
Fame located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.[93]
Analysis
Homer Simpson is an "everyman" and
embodies several American stereotypes of working class blue-collar men: he is
crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy and a borderline alcoholic.[1] Matt
Groening describes him as "completely ruled by his impulses".[94] Dan
Castellaneta calls him "a dog trapped in a man's body", adding, "He's incredibly
loyal – not entirely clean – but you gotta love him."[35] In his book Planet
Simpson, author Chris Turner describes Homer as "the most American of the
Simpsons" and believes that while the other Simpson family members could be
changed to other nationalities, Homer is "pure American".[95] In the book God in
the Details: American Religion in Popular Culture, the authors comment that
"Homer's progress (or lack thereof) reveals a character who can do the right
thing, if accidentally or begrudgingly."[96] The book The Simpsons and
Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer includes a chapter analyzing Homer's character
from the perspective of Aristotelian virtue ethics. Raja Halwani writes that
Homer's "love of life" is an admirable character trait, "for many people are
tempted to see in Homer nothing but buffoonery and immorality. [...] He is not
politically correct, he is more than happy to judge others, and he certainly
does not seem to be obsessed with his health. These qualities might not make
Homer an admirable person, but they do make him admirable in some ways, and,
more importantly, makes us crave him and the Homer Simpsons of this world."[97]
In 2008, Entertainment Weekly justified designating The Simpsons as a television
classic by stating, "we all hail Simpson patriarch Homer because his joy is as
palpable as his stupidity is stunning".[98]
In the season eight episode
"Homer's Enemy" the writers decided to examine "what it would be like to
actually work alongside Homer Simpson".[99] The episode explores the
possibilities of a realistic character with a strong work ethic named Frank
Grimes placed alongside Homer in a work environment. In the episode, Homer is
portrayed as an everyman and the embodiment of the American spirit; however, in
some scenes his negative characteristics and silliness are prominently
highlighted.[100][101] By the end of the episode, Grimes, a hard working and
persevering "real American hero", is relegated to the role of antagonist; the
viewer is intended to be pleased that Homer has emerged victorious.[100]
In Gilligan Unbound, author Paul
Arthur Cantor states that he believes Homer's devotion to his family has added
to the popularity of the character. He writes, "Homer is the distillation of
pure fatherhood. [...] This is why, for all his stupidity, bigotry and
self-centered quality, we cannot hate Homer. He continually fails at being a
good father, but he never gives up trying, and in some basic and important sense
that makes him a good father."[102] The Sunday Times remarked "Homer is good
because, above all, he is capable of great love. When the chips are down, he
always does the right thing by his children—he is never unfaithful in spite of
several opportunities."[56]
Cultural influence
Homer Simpson is one of the most
popular and influential television characters in a variety of standards. USA
Today cited the character as being one of the "top 25 most influential people of
the past 25 years" in 2007, adding that Homer "epitomized the irony and
irreverence at the core of American humor."[103] Robert Thompson, director of
Syracuse University's Center for the Study of Popular Television believes that
"three centuries from now, English professors are going to be regarding Homer
Simpson as one of the greatest creations in human storytelling."[104] Animation
historian Jerry Beck described Homer as one of the best animated characters,
saying, "you know someone like it, or you identify with (it). That's really the
key to a classic character."[77] Homer has been described by The Sunday Times as
"the greatest comic creation of [modern] time". The article remarked, "every age
needs its great, consoling failure, its lovable, pretension-free mediocrity. And
we have ours in Homer Simpson."[56]
Homer has been cited as a bad
influence on children; for example, in 2005 a survey conducted in the United
Kingdom found that 59% of parents felt that Homer promoted an unhealthy
lifestyle.[105] A five-year study of more than 2,000 middle-aged people in
France found a possible link between weight and brain function, the findings of
which were dubbed the "Homer Simpson syndrome".[106] Results from a word memory
test showed that people with a Body mass index (BMI) of 20 (considered to be a
healthy level) remembered an average of nine out of 16 words. Meanwhile, people
with a BMI of 30 (inside the obese range) remembered an average of just seven
out of 16 words.[106]
Despite Homer's embodiment of
American culture, his influence has spread to other parts of the world. In 2003,
Matt Groening revealed that his father, after whom Homer was named, was
Canadian, and said that this made Homer himself a Canadian.[107] The character
was later made an honorary citizen of Winnipeg, Canada, in real life because
Homer Groening was believed to be from the Manitoba capital, although sources
say the senior Groening was actually born in Saskatchewan.[108] In 2007, an
image of Homer was painted next to the Cerne Abbas giant in Dorset, England as
part of a promotion for The Simpsons Movie. This caused outrage among local
neopagans who performed "rain magic" to try to get it washed away.[109] In 2008,
a fake Spanish euro coin was found in Avilés, Spain, with the face of Homer
replacing the figure of King Juan Carlos I.[110] On April 9, 2009, the United
States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Homer
and the four other members of the Simpson family. They are the first characters
from a television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in
production.[111] The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for
purchase on May 7, 2009.[112][113]
Homer has appeared, voiced by
Castellaneta, in several other television shows, including the sixth season of
American Idol where he opened the show;[114] The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
where he performed a special animated opening monologue for the July 24, 2007,
edition;[115] and the 2008 fundraising television special Stand Up to Cancer
where he was shown having a colonoscopy.[116]
D'oh!
Homer's catchphrase, the annoyed
grunt "D'oh!", is typically uttered when he injures himself, realizes that he
has done something stupid, or when something bad has happened or is about to
happen to him. During the voice recording session for a Tracey Ullman Show
short, Homer was required to utter what was written in the script as an "annoyed
grunt". Dan Castellaneta rendered it as a drawn out "d'ooooooh". This was
inspired by Jimmy Finlayson, the mustachioed Scottish actor who appeared in 33
Laurel and Hardy films. Finlayson had used the term as a minced oath to stand in
for the word "Damn!" Matt Groening felt that it would better suit the timing of
animation if it were spoken faster. Castellaneta then shortened it to a quickly
uttered "D'oh!"[117] The first intentional use of D'oh! occurred in the Ullman
short "The Krusty the Clown Show",[117] (1989) and its first usage in the series
was in the series premiere, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".[118]
"D'oh!" was first added to The New
Oxford Dictionary of English in 1998. It is defined as an interjection "used to
comment on an action perceived as foolish or stupid".[119] In 2001, "D'oh!" was
added to the Oxford English Dictionary, without the apostrophe.[120] The
definition of the word is "expressing frustration at the realization that things
have turned out badly or not as planned, or that one has just said or done
something foolish".[121] In 2006, "D'oh!" was placed in sixth position on TV
Land's list of the 100 greatest television catchphrases.[122][123] "D'oh!" is
also included in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.[124] The book includes
several other quotations from Homer, including "Kids, you tried your best and
you failed miserably. The lesson is never try", from "Burns' Heir" (season five,
1994) as well as "Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things
you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and
all", from "Eight Misbehavin'" (season 11, 1999). Both quotes entered the
dictionary in August 2007.[125]
Merchandising
Homer's inclusion in many Simpsons
publications, toys, and other merchandise is evidence of his enduring
popularity. The Homer Book, about Homer's personality and attributes, was
released in 2004 and is commercially available.[126][127] It has been described
as "an entertaining little book for occasional reading"[128] and was listed as
one of "the most interesting books of 2004" by The Chattanoogan.[129] Other
merchandise includes dolls, posters, figurines, bobblehead dolls, mugs, alarm
clocks, jigsaw puzzles, Chia Pets, and clothing such as slippers, T-shirts,
baseball caps, and boxer shorts.[130] Homer has appeared in commercials for
1-800-COLLECT, Burger King, Butterfinger, C.C. Lemon, Church's Chicken, Domino's
Pizza, Intel, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Ramada Inn, Subway and T.G.I. Friday's. In
2004, Homer starred in a MasterCard Priceless commercial that aired during Super
Bowl XXXVIII.[131] In 2001, Kelloggs launched a brand of cereal called "Homer's
Cinnamon Donut Cereal", which was available for a limited time.[127][132] In
June 2009, Dutch automotive navigation systems manufacturer TomTom announced
that Homer would be added to its downloadable GPS voice lineup. Homer's voice,
recorded by Dan Castellaneta, features several in-character comments such as
"Take the third right. We might find an ice cream truck! Mmm... ice cream."[133]
Homer has appeared in other media
relating to The Simpsons. He has appeared in every one of The Simpsons video
games, including the most recent, The Simpsons Game.[134] Alongside the
television series, Homer regularly appears in issues of Simpsons Comics, which
were first published on November 29, 1993, and are still issued
monthly.[135][136] Homer also plays a role in The Simpsons Ride, launched in
2008 at Universal Studios Florida and Hollywood.[137]
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References
Halwani, Raja (1999). "Homer and
Aristotle". In Irwin, William; Conrad, Mark T.; Skoble, Aeon (eds.). The
Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN
0-8126-9433-3.
Richmond, Ray; Antonia Coffman
(1997). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family. New York City:
HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638898-1.
Turner, Chris (2004). Planet
Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation.
Toronto: Random House Canada. ISBN 0-679-31318-4.
Further reading
Alberti, John (ed.) (2003). Leaving
Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture. Wayne
State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2849-0.
Brown, Alan; Chris Logan (2006).
The Psychology of The Simpsons. BenBella Books. ISBN 1-932100-70-9.
Groening, Matt (2005). The Homer
Book. HarperCollins. ISBN 0061116610.
Groening, Matt (1991). The Simpsons
Uncensored Family Album. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-096582-7.
Pinsky, Mark I (2004). The Gospel
According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated
Family. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22419-9.
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